Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Definitions of Major Components of Climate Crisis
1.2 Impact of Structural Systems on a Construction Product's Carbon Footprint
1.3 Role of Construction Materials in the Climate Crisis
1.4 Role of Structural Engineers and Architects in Climate Action
1.5 Regulatory Push for Decarbonization
1.6 Life-Cycle Driven Structures Framework
1.7 Conclusion
1.8 Questions
1.9 References
Chapter 2: A summary of Life-Cycle Analysis focusing on embodied carbon of steel, mass timber and reinforced concrete
2.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA)
2.2 The Stages of Life-Cycle Analysis for Building Structures
2.3 Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) for Steel, Concrete, and Timber construction products
2.4 Construction Stage Carbon for Building Structures (A4 to A5)
2.5 End-of-Life Stages
2.6 Beyond the Life Cycle (D)
2.7 Embodied carbon intensity rating systems
2.8 Conclusion
2.9 Questions
2.10 References
Chapter 3: Measuring and Reducing Embodied Carbon in Structures
3.1 Understanding the embodied carbon equation
3.2 Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) and databases
3.3 Benchmarking, Tools, and Reporting
3.4 Beyond quantifying: how to reduce embodied carbon ?
3.5 Exercise: Example of Calculation of Embodied Carbon Intensity of a multi-storey building
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Exercises
3.8 Discussion and Review Questions
3.9 References
Chapter 4: Life Cycle Parameter Analysis (LCPA) at Component Level
4.1 Principles of Parameter Analysis
4.2 Combining LCA and Parameter Analysis: LCPA
4.3 Case Study: Columns (Steel, Timber, Concrete, Composite)
4.4 Case Study: Beams (IPE, HEA, Truss, Steel, Timber, Reinforced Concrete)
4.5 Integrating Other Factors into LCPA
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Questions
4.8 References
Chapter 5: Life Cycle Parametric Analysis (LPSA) at Building Level
5.1 Why is optioneering at the conceptual design stage is important?
5.2 Buildings and assumptions used for benchmarking
5.3 Early-Stage design alternatives using representative portions
5.4 The impact of tubular profiles and higher strength steel
5.5 Influence of the carbon factor selection on the final results
5.6 What if we use a hybrid approach combining CLT slabs with a Steel frame?
5.7 How to account for uncertainty of input carbon factors?
5.8 Questions
5.9 References
Chapter 6: Life Cycle Optimization (LCO) for Conceptual Design
6.1 Key Decisions to be Given at a Conceptual Design of Building Structures
6.2 Decisions given at a conceptual design of building structures
6.3 Life Cycle Optimization (LCO) at conceptual design using Genetic Algorithms
6.4 Description of a LCO Building Conceptual Design Tool and its applications
6.5 Example: LCO-based sensitivity analysis
6.6 Example: Impact of Geometric Parameters on Building Cost and Embodied Carbon
6.7 Conclusions and future trends of a data-driven conceptual design
6.8 Discussions and Review Questions
Chapter 7: Life cycle driven earthquake-resistant design
7.1 Seismic design philosophies in relation to life cycle thinking
7.2 Role of construction materials on seismic design with life cycle thinking
7.3 Resilience of non-structural elements under earthquakes
7.4 Retrofitting for resilience of existing building stock
7.5 Seismic Design Codes and their Influence on Sustainable and Resilient Structures
7.6 Impact on Community
7.7 Conclusion
7.8 Question
7.9 References
Chapter 8: Real-world applications of life-cycle driven structures
8.1 Adaptive Reuse and Circular Construction
8.2 Material Efficiency and Technology
8.3 Hybrid, Composite and Modular Systems
8.4 Regenerative Design in Harsh Soil and Seismic Conditions
8.5 Resilient Infrastructure Design
8.6 Conclusion
8.7 Questions
8.8 References
Appendices
Appendix A: Glossary of Terms
