1 Types of Structures and Loads 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Classification of Structures 4
1.3 Loads 9
1.4 Structural Design 26
2 Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures 33
2.1 Idealized Structure 33
2.2 Principle of Superposition 46
2.3 Equations of Equilibrium 47
2.4 Determinacy and Stability 48
2.5 Application of the Equations of Equilibrium 59
3 Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses 79
3.1 Common Types of Trusses 79
3.2 Classification of Coplanar Trusses 85
3.3 The Method of Joints 94
3.4 Zero-Force Members 98
3.5 The Method of Sections 104
3.6 Compound Trusses 110
3.7 Complex Trusses 116
3.8 Space Trusses 120
4 Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 133
4.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point 133
4.2 Shear and Moment Functions 139
4.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam 150
4.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame 163
4.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition 168
5 Cables and Arches 181
5.1 Cables 181
5.2 Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads 182
5.3 Cable Subjected to a Uniform Distributed Load 184
5.4 Arches 194
5.5 Three-Hinged Arch 195
6 Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures 205
6.1 Influence Lines 205
6.2 Influence Lines for Beams 213
6.3 Qualitative Influence Lines 216
6.4 Influence Lines for Floor Girders 228
6.5 Influence Lines for Trusses 232
6.6 Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of Concentrated Loads 240
6.7 Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment 250
7 Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures 263
7.1 Use of Approximate Methods 263
7.2 Trusses 264
7.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames 270
7.4 Portal Frames and Trusses 273
7.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method 282
7.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method 288
8 Deflections 299
8.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve 299
8.2 Elastic-Beam Theory 305
8.3 The Double Integration Method 307
8.4 Moment-Area Theorems 316
8.5 Conjugate-Beam Method 326
9 Deflections Using Energy Methods 341
9.1 External Work and Strain Energy 341
9.2 Principle of Work and Energy 345
9.3 Principle of Virtual Work 346
9.4 Method of Virtual Work: Trusses 348
9.5 Castigliano’s Theorem 355
9.6 Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses 356
9.7 Method of Virtual Work: Beams and Frames 364
9.8 Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature 375
9.9 Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames 381
10 Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the ForceMethod 395
10.1 Statically Indeterminate Structures 395
10.2 Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure 398
10.3 Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Betti’s Law 402
10.4 Force Method of Analysis: Beams 403
10.5 Force Method of Analysis: Frames 411
10.6 Force Method of Analysis: Trusses 422
10.7 Composite Structures 425
10.8 Additional Remarks on the Force Method of Analysis 428
10.9 Symmetric Structures 429
10.10 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams 435
10.11 Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames 438
11 Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations 451
11.1 Displacement Method of Analysis: General Procedures 451
11.2 Slope-Deflection Equations 453
11.3 Analysis of Beams 459
11.4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway 469
11.5 Analysis of Frames: Sidesway 474
12 Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution 487
12.1 General Principles and Definitions 487
12.2 Moment Distribution for Beams 491
12.3 Stiffness-Factor Modifications 500
12.4 Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway 508
12.5 Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway 510
13 Beams and Frames Having Nonprismatic Members 523
13.1 Loading Properties of Nonprismatic Members 523
13.2 Moment Distribution for Structures Having Nonprismatic Members 528
13.3 Slope-Deflection Equations for Nonprismatic Members 534
14 Truss Analysis Using the Stiffness Method 539
14.1 Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method 539
14.2 Member Stiffness Matrix 542
14.3 Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices 543
14.4 Member Global Stiffness Matrix 546
14.5 Truss Stiffness Matrix 547
14.6 Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis 552
14.7 Nodal Coordinates 560
14.8 Trusses Having Thermal Changesand Fabrication Errors 564
14.9 Space-Truss Analysis 570
15 Beam Analysis Using the Stiffness Method 575
15.1 Preliminary Remarks 575
15.2 Beam-Member Stiffness Matrix 577
15.3 Beam-Structure Stiffness Matrix 579
15.4 Application of the Stiffness Method for Beam Analysis 579
16 Plane Frame Analysis Using the Stiffness Method 595
16.1 Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix 595
16.2 Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices 597
16.3 Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix 599
16.4 Application of the Stiffness Method for Frame Analysis 600
Appendices
A. Matrix Algebra for Structural Analysis 612
B. General Procedure for Using
Structural Analysis Software 625
Answers to Selected Problems
Index
