Introduction Chapter 1 "in a state of tutelage": The Indian Act of 1876 1.1 House of Commons Debates on the proposed Indian Act, 1876 1.2 The Indian Act of 1876 1.3 Letter from George Buck and thirty two other Six Nations Chiefs, 1876 Chapter 2 "no more fighting between anyone": The Numbered Treaties Map of the Numbered Treaties (2.6) Map of Treaty 7 (2.7) 2.1 Treaty 7, 1877 2.2 Report of Lt. Governor and Special Indian Commissioner David Laird, 1877 2.3 Letter from Father Constantine Scollen, 1879 2.4 Interview with Cecile Many Guns (Grassy Water), 1973 2.5 Interview with Mrs. Annie Buffalo (Bear Child), 1975 Chapter 3 "Then go, and strike for liberty and life": The 1885 Resistance in the North-West 3.1 Riel's Case, 1885 3.2 Report of Superintendent of Indian Affairs, John A. Macdonald, 1885 3.3 Report of North West Mounted Police Assistant Commissioner L.N.F. Crozier, 1885 3.4 The Account of Gabriel Dumont, 1888 (1949) 3.5 The Recommendations of Assistant Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed, 1885 3.6 Address Presented to Chief Crowfoot from the Council of the Corporation of the City of Ottawa, 1886 3.7 The Poetic Interpretation of Pauline Johnson, 1885 Chapter 4 "for the general good": Restricting Movement and Cultural Practice Section 4a: The Pass System 4a.1 Letter from Robert Sinclair to Edgar Dewdney, 1892 4a.2 Letter from Hayter Reed to Edgar Dewdney, 1885 4a.3 Letter from A.E. Forget to Blackfoot Indian Agent, 1889 4a.4 Extract from NWMP Superintendent Steel's monthly report, June 1890 4a.5 "The Mounted Police and the Sarcees", Calgary Herald, 8 June 1892 4a.6 Letter from Fred White to L. Vankoughnet, 1893 4a.7 Letter from Hayter Reed to the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 1893 4a.8 Chief Dan Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine Chief, 1972 Section 4b: Restricting the Potlatch 4b.1 Legislation Restricting Indigenous Ceremonies, 1884-1933 4b.1a Indian Act Amendment, 1884 4b.1b Indian Act Amendment, 1895 4b.1c Indian Act Amendment, 1914 4b.1d Indian Act Amendment, 1933 4b.2 Thomas Crosby, Among the An-Ko-me-nums, 1907 4b.3 W.M. Halliday, Potlatch and Totem,1935 4b.4 "A Plea for potlatches", 1896 4b.5 Assu of Cape Mudge, 1989 Chapter 5 "Our object is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic": Assimilation and Organized Resistance Section 5a: Assimilation 5a.1 Duncan Campbell Scott, "Onondaga Madonna", 1898 5a.2 Duncan Campbell Scott, "Half-Breed Girl", 1906 5a.3 Evidence of D.C. Scott on the Indian Act amendments of 1920 5a.4 Memorandum of the Six Nations et al. on the Indian Act amendments of 1920 5a.5 Amendment to the Indian Act, 1920 Section 5b Organized Relations 5b.1 Letter from F.O. Loft to Chiefs and Brethren, 1919 5b.2 Letter from J.P. Wright to D.C. Scott, 1919 5b.3 Letter from D.C. Scott to J.P. Wright, 1919 5b.4 Statement of the Allied Indian Tribes of British Columbia, 1919 5b.5 Deskaheh, The Redman's Appeal for Justice, 1923 5b.6 Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, 1926 5b.7 Amendment to the Indian Act, 1927 Chapter 6 "Please don't blame yourselves": Residential Schools 6.1 N.F Davin, Report on Industrial Schools, 1879 6.2 House of Commons Debates, 1920 6.3 P.H. Bryce, The Story of a National Crime, 1920 6.4 Mary Carpenter, "No More Denials Please", 1991 6.5 Isabelle Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 2001 6.6 Thomas Moore, Before and After Photographs, 1904 Chapter 7 "we do not ask for special favours from anyone": Indigenous People and Global Conflict Section 7a: World War One 7a.1 Report of the Privy Council 393, 1918 7a.2 Amendments to the Indian Act, 1906 and 1918 7a.2a Indian Act Amendment, 1906 7a.2b Indian Act Amendment, 1918 7a.3 Letter from Kainai Chief Shot-on-Both-Sides et al., 1922 7a.4 D.C. Scott, "The Canadian Indians in the Great War", 1919 7a.5 Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1919 Section 7b World War Two 7b.1 Gordon Ahenakew, Saskatchewan Indian Veterans Association, 1992 7b.2 Norman Quinney, Indian Veterans Association, 1992 7b.3 Ray Prince, Northern Region of National Aboriginal Veterans' Association, B.C. Chapter, 1992 7b.4 Harry Lavallee, National Aboriginal Veterans Association, 1993 7b.5 The Aboriginal Soldier After the Wars, 1995 Chapter 8 A "complete and final solution": Preparing for the New Indian Act of 1951 8.1 Evidence of Diamond Jenness, 1947 8.2 Testimony of Andy Paull, President of the North American Indian Brotherhood, 1946 8.3 Submission of the Union of Saskatchewan Indians, 1947 8.4 Presentation of Mathew Lazare for the Mohawk of Caughnawaga, 1947 8.5 House of Commons, "A Summary of the Proceedings of a Conference with Representative Indians", 1951 Chapter 9 "We had no hesitation in using the word "experiment": The High Arctic Relocation of 1953 Map of the High Arctic Relocation (9.6) 9.1 Testimony of Markoosie Patsauq and Samwillie Elijassialuk, 1992 9.2 Examination of Bent Sivertz, 1993 9.3 Memorandum from Privy Council Office, 1952 9.4 The Hickling Report, 1990 9.5 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1994 Chapter 10 "a faulty understanding of fairness": The White Paper of 1969 10.1 Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (White Paper), 1969 10.2 Indian Association of Alberta, Citizens Plus (Red Paper), 1969 10.3 William Wuttunee, Ruffled Feathers, 1971 10.4 National Indian Brotherhood, "Statement", 1969 Chapter 11 "an epic struggle which has left its mark": Striving for Gender Equality in the Indian Act 11.1 Amendment to the Indian Act, 1951 11.2 Amendment to the Indian Act, 1985 11.3 Cathy Baily, "Indian Women Struggle for Rights" Poundmaker, 1974 11.4 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1985 11.5 McIvor v. The Registrar, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 2007 11.6 Letter from Sharon McIvor to Members of Parliament, 2010 Chapter 12 "its intentions remain hostile": The 1982 Constitution and Charter of Rights 12.1 Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs at the Russell Tribunal, 1980 12.2 Petition by the Indian People of Canada to Queen Elizabeth II, 1980 12.3 United Kingdom House of Commons Debates, 1982 12.4 The Canada Act, 1982 Chapter 13 "securing "necessaries": The Constitution and the Courts 13.1 Guerin v. The Queen, 1984 13.2 R. v. Sparrow, 1990 13.3 R. v. Marshall, 1999 13.4 R. v. Powley, 2003 Chapter 14 "it was time to protect our lands": Conflict at Ipperwash 14.1 Report of the Ipperwash Inquiry, 2007 14.2 Testimony of Nicholas Cottrelle, 2005 14.3 Presentation of Sam George, 2006 Chapter 15 "a unique trust-like relationship": Modern Treaty Making 15.1 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, "Treaties", 1996 15.2 Speech by Chief Joseph Gosnell to the House of Commons, 1998 15.3 Are Treaties the Answer?, 2007 Key People