Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS

By: Alias Abdul-Rahman, Morakot Pilouk

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Hardcover | 1 October 2007

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304 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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This book covers fundamental aspects of spatial data modelling specifically on the aspect of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and structuring. Realisation of "true" 3D GIS spatial system needs a lot of efforts, and the process is taking place in various research centres and universities in some countries. The development of spatial data modelling for 3D objects is the focus of this book. The book begins with some problems and motivations, the fundamental theories, the implementation, and some applications developed based on the concepts. The book is intended for various geoinformation related professionals like GIS engineers, GIS software developers, photogrammetrists, land surveyors, mapping specialists, researchers, postgraduate students, and lecturers.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning Geography Geographical Information Systems GIS & Remote Sensing Computing & I.T.Graphical & Digital Media Applications Cartography Computer Programming & Software Development Software Engineering Regional & Area Planning Urban & Municipal Planning

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Paperback

Published: 19th October 2010

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Introduction	p. 1
Why Does 3D GIS Matter?	p. 1
The Needs for 3D GIS	p. 3
The Need for 3D Spatial Data Modeling	p. 7
Problems Associated with Spatial Modelling for 3D GIS	p. 9
Previous Work	p. 10
Background to the 3D GIS Problem	p. 13
An Overview of 3D GIS Development	p. 15
GIS Functions	p. 15
3D GIS	p. 16
Recent Progress Made on 3D GIS	p. 17
Commercially Available Systems and 3D GIS	p. 18
ArcView 3D Analyst	p. 18
Imagine VirtualGIS	p. 19
GeoMedia Terrain	p. 20
PAMAP GIS Topographer	p. 21
Why is 3D GIS Difficult to Realise?	p. 22
Discussion	p. 23
2D and 3D Spatial Data Representations	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Classes of Object Representations	p. 26
Grid	p. 26
Shape Model	p. 27
Facet Model	p. 28
Boundary Representation (B-rep)	p. 30
3D Array	p. 32
Octree	p. 33
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)	p. 34
3D TIN (Tetrahedral network, TEN)	p. 35
GIS Applicability of the Representations	p. 37
The Selection Criteria	p. 38
Representation of Object Primitives	p. 38
Topology of Spatial Objects: Simplexes and Complexes	p. 40
Vector and Raster Representations	p. 41
Summary	p. 42
The Fundamentals of Geo-Spatial Modelling	p. 43
Spatial Data	p. 44
Spatial Data Modeling	p. 44
Models and Their Importance for Geoinformation	p. 45
Components of Geo-spatial Model	p. 47
Phases in Geo-spatial Modeling	p. 48
Conceptual Design of a Geo-spatial Model	p. 50
Definition of Space	p. 51
Abstraction of Space	p. 52
Abstraction of Real World Object	p. 53
Object and Spatial Extent	p. 57
Spatial Relations	p. 57
Application of Spatial Relations	p. 62
Representation of Spatial Objects and Relationships	p. 65
Spatial Data Models in GIS	p. 73
Logical Design of Geo-spatial Model	p. 78
Relational Approach	p. 79
Object-oriented Approach	p. 81
Summary	p. 85
The Conceptual Design	p. 87
TIN-based (2.5D) Data Model	p. 87
Properties of the TIN-based Data Model	p. 90
TEN-based Data Model	p. 94
Generalized n-dimensional Integrated Data Model	p. 97
The Definitions	p. 98
Single-theme and Multi-theme	p. 101
Euler's Characteristics	p. 102
Euler's Equality	p. 103
The Generalized Euler Equality	p. 104
Discussion	p. 107
The Logical Design	p. 109
Relational Approach	p. 109
Relational Data Structure for TIN-based Model	p. 110
Relational Data Structure for a TEN-based Model	p. 112
Relational Data Structure for an n-dimensional Data Model	p. 115
Object-oriented Approach	p. 116
Object-oriented Definition of a Spatial Object	p. 117
Object-oriented Design Based on IDM	p. 118
Specialization of Classes	p. 120
Aggregation of Objects	p. 125
Creation of Objects	p. 126
Behaviour of Objects in the Database	p. 128
Comparison with Other OO Approaches	p. 129
Discussion	p. 130
Object-Orientation of TINs Spatial Data	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Object-oriented Concepts	p. 133
The Abstraction Mechanisms	p. 134
The Programming Language	p. 136
Object-oriented TIN Tessellations	p. 136
Classes for 2D TIN Tessellations	p. 136
Classes for 3D TIN Tessellations	p. 140
Object-oriented TINs Spatial Data Modelling	p. 140
The Classes Schema	p. 140
Object-oriented TIN Spatial Database Development	p. 146
The POET OO DBMS	p. 146
The POET Database Schema	p. 147
The POET Database Browser	p. 148
POET Database Query	p. 148
Object-oriented TIN-based Subsystems for GIS	p. 149
Summary	p. 150
The Supporting Algorithms	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Distance Transformation	p. 153
Voronoi Tessellations	p. 158
Triangulations (TINs)	p. 163
TIN Topological Data Structuring	p. 168
Visualization	p. 170
3D Distance Transformation	p. 171
3D Voronoi Tessellation	p. 176
Tetrahedron Network (TEN) Generation	p. 181
Constrained Triangulations	p. 183
The Line Rasterization	p. 183
The Construction of the Constrained TINs	p. 185
Contouring Algorithm	p. 190
Data Structures for Contouring	p. 190
The Algorithm	p. 192
The Contour Visualization	p. 195
Algorithms for Irregular Network Formation	p. 196
Summary	p. 204
Applications of the Model	p. 207
Integration of Terrain Relief and Terrain Features	p. 207
Creating an Integrated Database	p. 209
A Spatial Query Example	p. 212
Integrating with 3D Features	p. 214
Integrating with Geo-scientific Data	p. 219
Spatial Operators	p. 221
Graphic Visualization	p. 223
Wireframe Graphics	p. 224
Hidden Line and Surface Removal	p. 225
Surface Shading and Illumination	p. 226
Texture Mapping	p. 227
Virtual Reality	p. 230
Discussion	p. 230
The Web and 3D GIS	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Web 3D GIS	p. 234
Management of 3D Spatial Data	p. 238
GUI for 3D Visualization and Editing on the Web	p. 240
Current and Possible Approaches in Urban Planning	p. 248
Realized Browser-based Solutions	p. 249
Stand-alone Solutions/Toolkits/Front-ends	p. 254
Summary	p. 255
Conclusion and Further Outlook	p. 257
Summary	p. 257
Further Research	p. 264
References and Bibliography	p. 267
Index	p. 287
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS

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Hardcover

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