Spacecraft Structures

By: J. Jaap Wijker

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Hardcover | 4 January 2008

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528 Pages

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23.39 x 15.6 x 2.87

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Space flight is a comprehensive and innovative part of technology. It encompasses many fields of technology. This monograph presents a cross section of the total field of expertise that is called "space flight".

It provides insight into the design, construction and analysis aspects of spacecraft. Spacecraft includes satellites as well as launch vehicles, with a distinction between manned or unmanned. The International Space Station (ISS), Russian

MIR, the American shuttle and the European Spacelab are examples of manned space flight, whereas communication satellites for radio and television and meteorological satellites are examples of unmanned space flight.

The Emphasis of this book is put on unmanned space flight, particularly on the construction of spacecraft rather than the construction of launch vehicles. The nature of the satellite is dependent on the task that is set for that satellite.

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Technical Design

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Paperback

Published: 19th October 2010

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General	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Literature	p. 3
Design Process	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Design criteria	p. 5
Design specification	p. 5
Design	p. 6
Design control	p. 6
Exercises	p. 7
Design and development	p. 7
Launch Vehicle Systems	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
Launch Vehicle User's manual	p. 10
Literature	p. 11
Exercises	p. 11
Definition the mechanical design specification	p. 11
Spacecraft Subsystems	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Power Supply	p. 14
Attitude Control system	p. 14
Data Systems	p. 14
Thermal Control System	p. 14
Telecommunication Systems	p. 15
Propulsion System	p. 15
Structure	p. 15
Mutual Interaction of Subsystems	p. 15
Power Supply versus Attitude control System	p. 15
Power Supply versus Thermal Control System	p. 16
Attitude Control System versus Thermal Control System	p. 16
Thermal Control System versus Structure	p. 16
Literature	p. 17
Design and Safety factors	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Terminology	p. 19
Flight Limit Load	p. 19
Design Limit Load	p. 19
Ultimate Load	p. 20
Buckling Load	p. 20
Yield Load	p. 20
Proof Load	p. 20
Allowable stress	p. 20
Material Strength	p. 20
A-value (A basis)	p. 21
B-value (B basis)	p. 21
S-Value (S-basis)	p. 22
Qualification Loads	p. 23
Flight Acceptance Loads	p. 23
Margin of Safety	p. 23
Fail-Safe	p. 23
Safe-life	p. 23
Factors of Safety for Spacecraft	p. 24
Literature	p. 25
Exercises	p. 25
Survey of Applied Factors of Safety	p. 25
Spacecraft Design Loads	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Transportation load factors	p. 29
Steady-State Loads	p. 29
Mechanical Dynamic loads	p. 30
Sinusoidal loads	p. 30
Random loads	p. 38
Acoustic loads	p. 45
Sound Pressure Level	p. 46
Octave band	p. 49
Centre frequency	p. 49
Relative bandwidth	p. 49
Power Spectral Density	p. 51
Conversions of SPL	p. 52
Acoustic Fill Factor	p. 55
Shock loads	p. 56
Introduction	p. 56
Enforced acceleration	p. 58
Shock Attenuation Rules	p. 61
SRS Tolerance Limit	p. 62
Static pressure variations	p. 62
Micro-meteorites / Orbital Debris	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Simple Micro Meteoroid Flux Model	p. 64
Simple Debris flux Model	p. 64
Literature	p. 66
Exercises	p. 66
Sinusoidal Vibrations	p. 66
Tuned Damper	p. 67
Calculation of PSD's and Grms	p. 68
Prove of conversion formulae	p. 69
Calculation of OASPL and conversion to 1/3-octave band	p. 69
Test Verification	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Tests	p. 71
Goal of the tests	p. 72
Test Plan	p. 73
Test Procedure	p. 74
Model philosophy	p. 74
Static Test	p. 75
Sine-burst test	p. 76
Sine-dwell test	p. 77
Mechanical Vibration/Acoustic Tests	p. 77
Sine Vibration Test	p. 78
Random Vibration Test	p. 82
Acoustic Vibration Test	p. 83
Shock test	p. 85
Modal Survey/Modal Analysis Test	p. 85
Notching	p. 86
Notching at Equipment Level	p. 86
Notching at main resonances on basis of quasi-static loads	p. 93
Force Limiting Vibration Testing	p. 96
Plots	p. 97
Test Facilities West-Europe	p. 98
Literature	p. 99
Design of Spacecraft structure	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Determination of Spacecraft Configuration	p. 101
Boundary Conditions Launch Vehicle	p. 103
Launch mass	p. 103
Available Launch Volume	p. 103
Launch Vehicle Adapter (LVA)	p. 104
Payload Separation System	p. 104
Functional requirements spacecraft	p. 105
First Design Spacecraft Structure	p. 105
Design Loads	p. 106
Stiffness requirements (natural frequencies)	p. 107
Quasi-static loads	p. 108
Mass Acceleration Curve (MAC)	p. 109
Random Loads	p. 110
Factors of Safety	p. 110
Basic Design Supporting Structure	p. 111
Design criteria	p. 111
Standard structural elements of spacecraft structures	p. 112
Selection of materials	p. 114
Detailed Analyses	p. 116
Finite Element Model	p. 117
Finite Element Model Verification	p. 117
Finite Element Analyses	p. 118
Manufacturing of the spacecraft structure	p. 119
Testing	p. 120
Literature	p. 121
Exercises	p. 121
Use of the User's Manual of ARIANE 5	p. 121
Strength and Stiffness of Structural Elements	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Trusses and Truss frames	p. 124
Bending of Beams, Myosotis Method	p. 127
Bending of Beams by transverse forces and bending moments	p. 127
Buckling of Struts	p. 128
Bending stresses in beams	p. 133
Shear stresses in beams	p. 134
Torsion of Beams	p. 136
Local buckling of thin-walled tubes	p. 139
Rings	p. 141
Platforms	p. 142
Panels	p. 142
Shells of revolution: cylinders / cones	p. 143
Stability of Cylinders	p. 143
Stiffness of Cylinders	p. 145
Running Loads in Cylinder	p. 146
Stiffness of Cones	p. 147
Stability of Cones	p. 149
Stresses in Lap Joints	p. 150
Literature	p. 151
Exercises	p. 152
Deflection of truss frame	p. 152
Deflection of a beam	p. 152
Deflection and bending moment in a clamped-clamped beam.	p. 153
Buckling of Beam with Variable Cross-section	p. 153
Buckling of Square Tube	p. 154
Torsion and Shear Force	p. 155
Stiffness and Buckling of a Cone	p. 155
Sandwich Construction	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Design aspects	p. 158
Optimum design: Determination of core and face sheet thickness for minimum mass	p. 159
Stresses	p. 160
Stresses in face sheets	p. 161
Shear stress	p. 162
Failure modes	p. 162
Buckling Sandwich Columns	p. 163
Global Buckling Cylinder	p. 164
Local Buckling	p. 166
Combined Loads	p. 168
Inserts	p. 168
Honeycomb mechanical properties	p. 170
Typical connections	p. 171
Literature	p. 172
Exercises	p. 172
Stiffness Sandwich Beam	p. 172
Finite Element Analysis	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Theory	p. 175
Static Calculations	p. 176
Dynamic Calculations	p. 181
Mathematical Model	p. 184
Finite element type	p. 185
Number of degrees of freedom	p. 186
Joints	p. 186
Damping	p. 186
Spacecraft	p. 188
Launch vehicles	p. 188
Modifications	p. 188
Finite element model to be delivered	p. 189
Coordinate systems	p. 189
Units	p. 189
Numbering schemes	p. 190
Reaction forces in case unit forces of inertia occur	p. 190
Elastic Energy as Rigid Body	p. 190
Reduced finite element model	p. 193
Reports regarding the finite element model	p. 193
Electronic Carrier	p. 194
Literature	p. 195
Exercises	p. 195
Application Lagrange's Equations	p. 195
Deployed Natural Frequency	p. 196
Natural frequency cantilever beam	p. 196
Stiffness/Flexibility Analysis	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Examples	p. 200
ATV Cargo Carrier	p. 200
ARIANE 5 Bati-Moteur (BME)	p. 200
The unit force method	p. 201
Reduced stiffness matrix	p. 202
Unit displacement	p. 202
Principal directions	p. 203
Literature	p. 206
Exercises	p. 206
Stiffness Pin-joined Frame	p. 206
Material Selection	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Metal alloys	p. 207
Composite materials	p. 208
Physical-mechanical properties of fillers	p. 209
Properties of Non-metal Matrices	p. 210
Properties of Metal Matrices	p. 211
Sandwich Honeycomb Core	p. 211
Design considerations	p. 212
Literature	p. 224
Spacecraft Mass	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Structure Mass	p. 217
Total Mass Calculation	p. 217
Mass Matrix	p. 217
Mass matrix with respect to the centre of mass	p. 223
Centre of mass	p. 223
Second Moments of Mass	p. 224
Finite Element Model Mass Matrix	p. 225
Literature	p. 228
Exercises	p. 228
Mass computer programme	p. 228
Natural Frequencies, an Approximation	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Static Displacement Method	p. 229
Rayleigh's Quotient	p. 232
Dunkerley's Method	p. 234
Literature	p. 241
Exercises	p. 241
Natural frequency of airplane	p. 241
Rayleigh's method	p. 241
Rayleigh's method	p. 241
Equations of motion and natural frequencies	p. 242
Calculation natural frequencies	p. 243
Equations of motion and natural frequencies	p. 244
Deployed Natural Frequency	p. 245
Modal Effective Mass	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Enforced Acceleration	p. 247
Modal Effective Masses of an MDOF System	p. 250
Literature	p. 259
Excercises	p. 259
Large mass solution	p. 259
Calculation modal effective masses cantilevered beam	p. 260
Modal Effective Mass of a Cantilevered Beam	p. 261
Calculation of Base Force	p. 262
Dynamic Model Reduction Methods	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
Static Condensation Method	p. 266
Craig-Bampton Reduced Models	p. 271
System Equivalent Reduction Expansion Process (SEREP)	p. 274
Conclusion	p. 277
Literature	p. 278
Exercises	p. 278
Reduction Finite Element Model	p. 278
Reduction of dynamic 10 DOF model	p. 279
Dynamic Substructuring, Component Mode Synthesis	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Special CMS Methods	p. 282
Craig-Bampton Fixed-Interface Method	p. 282
Free-Interface Method	p. 287
General-Purpose CMS Method	p. 294
Literature	p. 299
Exercises	p. 299
Substructure Analysis 1	p. 299
Substructure Analysis	p. 300
Output Transformation Matrices	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Reduced Free-Free Dynamic Model	p. 304
References	p. 310
Exercises	p. 310
Problem 1	p. 310
Problem 2	p. 311
Coupled Dynamic Loads Analysis	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Finite Element Validation	p. 315
Literature	p. 318
Exercises	p. 318
Internet search	p. 318
Random Vibrations Simplified Response Analysis	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Low frequency	p. 319
The response of a single mass-spring system due to a random force or base excitation	p. 320
Damping	p. 325
Static Assumed Mode Random Vibration Response Analysis	p. 325
Passages	p. 326
Calculation of the rms stresses / forces	p. 329
Reaction Forces	p. 333
Acoustic Analysis	p. 334
Introduction	p. 334
Acoustic loads transformed into mechanical random vibrations	p. 335
Component Vibration Requirements	p. 337
Static approach	p. 339
The stress in an acoustically loaded panel	p. 340
Literature	p. 344
Exercises	p. 345
Calculation of PSD Function	p. 345
Peak Pressure Values	p. 345
Simply Supported Plate [Blevins 1989]	p. 346
Waves	p. 346
Fatigue Life Prediction	p. 349
Introduction	p. 349
Palmgren-Miner Linear Cumulative Damage Rule	p. 349
Analysis of Load-time Histories	p. 351
Failure due to Sinusoidal Vibrations	p. 353
Failure due to Narrow-banded Random Vibrations	p. 355
Literature	p. 363
Internet	p. 363
Exercises	p. 363
Fatigue life prediction sinusoidal vibration	p. 363
Fatigue life prediction random vibration	p. 365
Shock-Response Spectrum	p. 367
Introduction	p. 367
Enforced Acceleration	p. 368
Numerical Calculation of the SRS, the Piece wise Exact Method	p. 370
Response Analysis in Combination with Shock-Response Spectra	p. 375
Matching Shock Spectra with Synthesised Time Histories	p. 385
Literature	p. 396
Exercises	p. 396
Calculation of Shock Response Curves	p. 396
Problem 2	p. 398
Damage to Spacecraft by Meteoroids and Orbital Debris	p. 399
Introduction	p. 399
Micro-Meteoroids and Space Debris Environment	p. 400
Micro-Meteoroids Environment	p. 400
Orbital debris Environment	p. 402
Hyper Velocity Impact Damage Models	p. 405
Single Plate Penetration Equations	p. 405
Multi-shock shield	p. 406
Probability of Impacts	p. 409
Literature	p. 411
Prescribed Averaged Temperatures	p. 413
Introduction	p. 413
PAT method	p. 413
PAT Method Applied to a Simplified Solar Array	p. 418
Literature	p. 430
Exercises	p. 430
Temperature interpolation in finite element model	p. 430
Thermal-elastic Stresses	p. 433
Introduction	p. 433
Material properties	p. 439
Literature	p. 440
Exercises	p. 440
Thermal stress in beam	p. 440
Self Strained Structure	p. 440
Coefficients of thermal & moisture expansion	p. 443
Introduction	p. 443
Coefficient of thermal expansion	p. 443
The CTE as a derivative of the thermal expansibility	p. 443
The Secant CTE	p. 444
Moisture coefficient of expansion (CME)	p. 445
Venting Holes	p. 447
Introduction	p. 447
Venting Holes	p. 447
Beryline method	p. 447
The convergent Nozzle	p. 449
Rule of Thumb	p. 450
Literature	p. 451
Examples	p. 453
Introduction	p. 453
Natural Frequencies, an Approximation	p. 454
Displacement method	p. 454
Design Example Fixed-Free Beam	p. 455
Introduction	p. 455
Stiffness calculations	p. 456
Strength calculations	p. 458
Effective stress	p. 459
Iterations	p. 460
Equivalent dynamic systems	p. 462
Introduction	p. 462
Random Vibrations	p. 464
Comparison of two random vibration specifications	p. 464
Enforced random Acceleration	p. 467
Strength and Stiffness Analysis SIMPSAT	p. 476
Introduction	p. 476
Design Philosophy	p. 477
Quasi-Static Loads (QSL)	p. 478
Minimum Natural Frequencies	p. 478
Material properties	p. 478
Natural Frequencies	p. 478
Selection of the type of structure	p. 481
Strength aspects	p. 482
Summary MS values	p. 487
Stiffnes calculations using Castigliano's second theorem	p. 487
Modal Effective Mass of a Cantilevered Beam	p. 490
Component Mode Synthesis (Craig-Bampton Method)	p. 492
Subject Index	p. 497
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Spacecraft Structures

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