Soyuz

A Universal Spacecraft

By: David Shayler, Rex Hall

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Paperback | 7 May 2003

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500 Pages

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25.2 x 18.0 x 2.6

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In Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft, authors Rex Hall and Dave Shayler review the development and operations of the Soyuz family of spacecraft. This includes the lesser-known military and unmanned versions of this reliable spacecraft. While most works on Soviet/Russian space operations focus on space station activities, the story of the Soyuz spacecraft has been largely neglected. An integral element of Salyut and Mir space station operations, the small ferry has been the mainstay of cosmonaut transportation since 1967. In addition, since 1978 the unmanned freighter version called Progress has provided a means in which to regularly re-supply a space station and so prolong its orbital lifetime. Using authentic Soviet and Russian sources this book is the first known work in the west dedicated to revealing the full story of the Soyuz series, including a complete listing of vehicle production numbers.

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Praise for R.D. Hall's Soyuz: a Universal Spacecraft

The Aerospace Professional

"Reading this extremely well researched book will show how this admirable concept, once very much on course to reach the moon earlier than the USA, became a victim of it's own diversity. The authors lead us through this tangled web of Russian design and decision process, which does evoke some sympathy for the frustrated engineers concerned and for a facet of the Russian programme, which could have promise so much. This is a superb acquisition for any library or student of the field."

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Foreword	p. xvii
Authors' preface	p. xix
Acknowledgements	p. xxi
List of illustrations and tables	p. xxiii
Prologue	p. xxix
Origins	p. 1
Soviet manned spaceflight after Vostok	p. 1
Design requirements	p. 1
Sever and the 1L: the genesis of Soyuz	p. 3
The Vostok 7/1L Soyuz Complex	p. 4
The mission sequence of the early Soyuz Complex	p. 6
The Soyuz 7K complex	p. 7
Soyuz 7K (Soyuz A) design features	p. 8
The American General Electric concept	p. 10
Soyuz 9K and Soyuz 11K	p. 11
The Soyuz Complex mission profile	p. 12
Contracts, funding and schedules	p. 13
Soyuz to the Moon	p. 14
A redirection for Soyuz	p. 14
The N1/L3 lunar landing mission profile	p. 15
Exploring the potential of Soyuz	p. 16
Soyuz 7K-P: a piloted anti-satellite interceptor	p. 16
Soyuz 7K-R: a piloted reconnaissance space station	p. 17
Soyuz V1: the military research spacecraft Zvezda	p. 18
Adapting Soyuz for lunar missions	p. 20
Spacecraft design changes	p. 21
Crewing for circumlunar missions	p. 22
The Zond missions	p. 23
The end of the Soviet lunar programme	p. 33
The lunar orbit module (7K-LOK)	p. 33
A change of direction	p. 35
References	p. 35
Mission Hardware and Support	p. 39
Hardware and systems	p. 39
Crew positions	p. 40
The spacecraft	p. 41
The Propulsion Module (PM)	p. 41
The Descent Module (DM)	p. 41
The Orbital Module (OM)	p. 44
Pyrotechnic devices	p. 45
Spacecraft sub-systems	p. 46
Rendezvous, docking and transfer	p. 47
Electrical power	p. 53
Thermal control	p. 54
Life support	p. 54
Habitability	p. 57
Propulsion and attitude control	p. 59
Primary (KTDU) and back-up engines	p. 59
Attitude control	p. 60
Vernier translation	p. 60
Re-entry attitude control	p. 61
Vehicle control	p. 62
Communications	p. 63
Display and controls	p. 65
Recovery	p. 67
Support infrastructure	p. 74
Flight planning	p. 74
Soyuz cosmonaut training	p. 75
Winter training	p. 76
Desert training	p. 77
Mountain training	p. 77
Sea recovery	p. 77
Swamp training	p. 78
Parachute jumping	p. 78
Zero-gravity training	p. 78
Earth-observation	p. 79
The simulator	p. 79
Simulator ballistics	p. 80
Simulators for space station operations	p. 80
The neutral buoyancy laboratory	p. 80
The centrifuge	p. 82
Vacuum and pressure chambers	p. 82
Foreign language training	p. 84
Examinations	p. 84
Departing for Baikonur	p. 85
The Soyuz launch vehicle	p. 85
Raketa 7 ICBM 8K71	p. 85
Power for the R-7	p. 86
Basic design features of the 8K71	p. 87
Adapting the R-7 for Soyuz	p. 87
11A55 and 11A56 early Soyuz launch vehicles	p. 89
11A511 standard launch vehicle	p. 89
11A511U launch vehicle	p. 89
11A511U2 launch vehicle	p. 90
Soyuz FG	p. 90
Soyuz-2	p. 91
Soyuz facilities at Baikonur	p. 92
Site 1: launch complex (PU) 5	p. 93
Site 2: the launcher processing area and the MIK facility	p. 94
Site 2B: the launcher processing area and the MIK 2A facility	p. 94
Site 31: launch complex (PU) 6, or 17P32-6	p. 95
Site 32: R-7 residential housing	p. 95
Site 112: launch vehicle assembly building	p. 95
Site 254: spacecraft assembly building	p. 96
Soyuz manufacturing	p. 96
Ground testing	p. 97
Flight testing	p. 100
The range of Soyuz system mock-ups	p. 103
Soyuz at Baikonur	p. 105
Launch preparations	p. 105
Launch site test and verification sequence	p. 109
Launch phase	p. 111
Riding the 'package'	p. 111
The flight control centre	p. 111
Yevpatoria: the original Soyuz mission control	p. 112
Kaliningrad: mission control Moscow	p. 112
Recovery forces	p. 115
References	p. 116
Docking Missions, 1966-70	p. 119
The 'original Soyuz'	p. 119
Preparing for the first flights	p. 120
Early Soyuz assignments for cosmonauts	p. 121
Cosmos 133: the first Soyuz in orbit	p. 123
A fire at Pad 31	p. 125
The mission of Cosmos 140	p. 127
The tragedy of Soyuz 1	p. 130
Concerns for flight	p. 131
Launch preparations	p. 132
The mission of Soyuz 1	p. 133
The accident investigation	p. 137
The Soyuz/Cosmos unmanned docking	p. 138
The Cosmos 186/188 mission	p. 139
The Cosmos 212/213 mission	p. 142
Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 3: success and frustration	p. 143
The Cosmos 238 unmanned shake-down mission	p. 143
Manned flights resume	p. 144
A docking and a transfer	p. 147
Amending the flight plans	p. 147
The first docking of two manned spacecraft	p. 148
Stepping out of Soyuz	p. 151
A dangerous re-entry	p. 154
The troika mission	p. 156
Kontakt crewing and missions	p. 157
Preparing the spacecraft	p. 158
Launch after launch	p. 158
Frustration with docking	p. 159
Three landings on three days	p. 160
Why Igla failed	p. 161
Science on Soyuz	p. 162
Supplementary objectives	p. 163
Science on Soyuz 6	p. 164
Vulkan welding experiments in space	p. 164
Soyuz 9: a space marathon	p. 165
Falcons in flight	p. 166
Orbital evaluation	p. 168
Summary	p. 169
References	p. 169
The Soyuz Ferry, 1971-81	p. 171
A ferry for Salyut	p. 171
Salyut ferry operations, 1971	p. 172
Salyut 1 crewing	p. 173
Soyuz 10: the first ferry mission	p. 173
Soyuz 11: triumph and tragedy	p. 175
Soyuz, Salyuts and space suits, 1971-73	p. 179
The new Salyut training group	p. 180
Lost Salyuts	p. 180
Crews for the Almaz (military) orbital station	p. 181
Orbital operations, 1973	p. 181
A two-day test flight	p. 182
The Sokol (Falcon) pressure suit	p. 184
Salyut 3 ferry missions, 1974	p. 185
Salyut 3 crewing	p. 185
The Soyuz 15 docking failure	p. 186
Salyut 4 ferry missions, 1975	p. 187
Salyut 4 crewing	p. 188
New steps toward permanent occupation	p. 188
The 'April 5 anomaly'	p. 188
A replacement mission	p. 192
Salyut 5 ferry missions, 1976-77	p. 193
Salyut 5 crewing	p. 194
An acrid odour	p. 194
Fluctuations in the flight plan	p. 195
A Soyuz splash-down	p. 196
The recovery of a Soyuz refrigerator	p. 199
The last military Soyuz crew	p. 201
The solo Soyuz missions, 1973-76	p. 202
The early scientific missions	p. 202
Soyuz 13 crewing	p. 203
The Soyuz 13 mission	p. 204
The Soyuz-Apollo Experimental Flight (EPAS), 1969-75	p. 205
Early proposals	p. 207
The flight	p. 209
EPAS crewing	p. 210
Cosmos 638 and Cosmos 672	p. 210
Soyuz 16: dress rehearsal for the EPAS	p. 211
Soyuz 19, and a handshake in space	p. 212
Future cooperation	p. 216
Soyuz 22: the last solo Soyuz	p. 217
Soyuz 22 crewing	p. 218
The Soyuz 22 mission	p. 219
A solo Soyuz series?	p. 219
Soyuz ferry missions to Salyut 6	p. 220
Salyut 6 crewing	p. 220
Visiting missions to Salyut 6	p. 221
The Soyuz 25 docking failure	p. 222
Success upon success	p. 225
Setting the standards	p. 225
New beginnings	p. 226
Six months in orbit	p. 228
A failure in the engine	p. 229
The end of an era	p. 232
Summary	p. 234
References	p. 234
Progress, 1978-	p. 239
The development of Progress	p. 239
Military cargo ships	p. 240
Automated docking tests	p. 241
Progress precursor test flights	p. 241
The role of Progress	p. 242
Progress variants	p. 242
Progress hardware	p. 244
The Cargo Module (CM)	p. 244
Loading and unloading Progress	p. 245
The docking system	p. 247
The Refuelling Module (RM)	p. 248
The Propulsion Module (Service Module)	p. 250
Progress M upgrades	p. 250
Raduga return capsules	p. 251
Progress M1 upgrades	p. 252
The disposal of Progress	p. 253
Progress flight operations	p. 253
Progress missions to Salyut 6	p. 254
Varied cargoes	p. 254
The KRT-10 antenna experiment	p. 255
Progress missions to Salyut 7	p. 256
Salyut springs a leak	p. 256
Progress missions to Mir	p. 256
First-generation Progress	p. 257
Buran ejection seat tests	p. 257
Progress M takes over	p. 258
Schedules and setbacks	p. 258
Additional hardware, experiments and research objectives	p. 259
Small satellites	p. 261
The Raduga missions	p. 262
Rendezvous and docking operations and incidents	p. 263
The Progress M-34 collision	p. 264
The de-orbiting of Mir	p. 265
Progress M1 operations	p. 266
Progress M1 at the International Space Station	p. 266
Application of Progress hardware	p. 268
Gamma	p. 268
Aelita	p. 269
An Earth observation satellite	p. 269
Plans for Soviet Star Wars	p. 269
The ISS docking compartment	p. 269
Docking Compartment 1	p. 270
Pirs-based EVAs from the ISS, 2001-02	p. 271
Progress cargo mass	p. 272
Summary	p. 273
References	p. 273
Soyuz T, 1979-86	p. 281
The role of Soyuz T	p. 281
The origins of Soyuz T	p. 281
Testing the technology, 1974-80	p. 283
Soyuz T: the inaugural mission	p. 284
Soyuz T upgrades	p. 285
The Orbital Module	p. 285
The Descent Module	p. 286
The Propulsion Module	p. 287
The Soyuz T training group, 1973-81	p. 287
Salyut 6 operations	p. 288
The Soyuz T training group, 1981-86	p. 289
Salyut 7 operations	p. 289
Soyuz T flight operations, 1980-81	p. 292
Soyuz T-2: the first manned mission	p. 292
Soyuz T-3: the three-man maintenance mission	p. 294
Soyuz T-4: the long-duration test	p. 294
Soyuz T flight operations, 1982	p. 295
Soyuz T-5: the first operational mission	p. 296
Soyuz T-6: a manual override	p. 296
Soyuz T-7: delivering a fresh spacecraft	p. 298
Landing in a snowstorm	p. 298
Soyuz T flight operations, 1983	p. 300
Soyuz T-8: a cancelled docking	p. 300
Soyuz T-9: the failure of the solar array	p. 303
Soyuz T-10-1: a very short long-duration flight	p. 303
Issues arising from the abort of Soyuz T-10-1	p. 306
Soyuz T flight operations, 1984	p. 307
Soyuz T-10: repairs and records	p. 307
Visitors come and go, and Soyuz T-10 lands	p. 308
Soyuz T flight operations, 1985-86	p. 309
Soyuz T-13: a rescue mission	p. 310
Soyuz T-14: the first partial crew exchange	p. 311
Soyuz T-15: the end of an era, the beginning of another	p. 312
Summary	p. 314
References	p. 314
Soyuz TM, 1986-2002	p. 317
The origins of Soyuz TM	p. 317
Soyuz TM modifications	p. 319
Rendezvous and docking system	p. 320
The Orbital Module	p. 321
The landing system	p. 321
The propulsion system	p. 322
The onboard sub-system	p. 322
Crew provisions	p. 323
The first occupation of Mir: Soyuz TM-1--TM-7	p. 323
Soyuz TM crewing	p. 323
The maiden flight of Soyuz TM	p. 325
Permanent occupation begins	p. 325
A year in space	p. 328
'A combination of circumstances'	p. 329
Mir temporarily vacated	p. 333
The end of the Soviet Union: Soyuz TM-8--TM-13	p. 334
Soyuz TM crewing, 1989-91	p. 335
A new era dawns	p. 335
The reoccupation of Mir	p. 335
'Like petals of a flower'	p. 336
The EVA to repair the Soyuz TM	p. 337
Bringing home Soyuz TM-9	p. 339
International visitors	p. 339
Russia in space	p. 341
Soyuz TM crewing, 1990-94	p. 342
Russian international missions	p. 344
A new port of call	p. 345
Soyuz TM-17 strikes Mir	p. 346
Shortage of hardware	p. 348
Soyuz TM crewing, 1994-2000	p. 349
The beginning of Phase 1 at Mir	p. 350
America's first cosmonaut	p. 350
A short stay and a longer stay	p. 352
Phase 1B operations	p. 352
'An afternoon spin in a spaceship'	p. 354
A fire and a collision	p. 355
The last Americans on Mir	p. 358
The last occupants?	p. 361
MirCorp, and the final TM mission to Mir	p. 363
Soyuz TM at the ISS: Soyuz TM-31--TM-34	p. 363
A lifeboat for the ISS	p. 364
Soyuz TM/ISS crewing	p. 365
'Off we go!'	p. 366
Taxis and tourists	p. 368
Andromede: a French taxi mission	p. 370
The first South African, and the last Soyuz TM	p. 371
The return of the last TM	p. 372
Summary	p. 372
References	p. 372
Soyuz TMA, 2002	p. 377
Soyuz TM and Mir 2	p. 377
Further upgrades to Soyuz TM?	p. 378
Zarya: an enlarged Soyuz	p. 378
Soyuz TM and Freedom	p. 381
Inclinations and durations	p. 382
The Soyuz TM/ACRV feasibility team	p. 382
Soyuz escape trajectory analysis	p. 383
Crew accommodation	p. 384
Medical and emergency evacuation	p. 385
Training for pilots and passengers	p. 386
A Soyuz TM lifeboat for Freedom	p. 387
Soyuz astronauts: certification issues	p. 387
Shuttle/Mir, Phase 1A	p. 388
Shuttle/Mir, Phase 1B	p. 388
The initiation of the TMA series	p. 390
Soyuz TMA design modifications	p. 390
Soyuz TMA modifications	p. 391
Soyuz TMA-1 crewing	p. 393
The maiden flight of Soyuz TMA	p. 394
The crewing of TMA missions in 2003	p. 395
Future options	p. 395
Soyuz TMM improvements	p. 396
Soyuz TMS: an intermediate answer	p. 397
Supply and demand	p. 397
References	p. 399
Conclusion	p. 401
Biographies	p. 421
Organisations	p. 443
Bibliography	p. 447
Index	p. 451
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Soyuz

A Universal Spacecraft

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