| Preface | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. xiii |
| Smart materials: an introduction | p. xiii |
| Input-output decision ability | p. xiv |
| Device based on conductivity changes | p. xiv |
| Device based on changes in optical response | p. xv |
| Biological systems: nature's smart materials | p. xix |
| Role of this book | p. xxii |
| Structural Properties | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Crystaline materials | p. 1 |
| Basic lattice types | p. 2 |
| Some important crystal structures | p. 5 |
| Notation to denote planes and points in a lattice: Miller indices | p. 12 |
| Artificial structures: superlattices and quantum wells | p. 16 |
| Surfaces: ideal versus real | p. 17 |
| Interfaces | p. 19 |
| Defects in crystals | p. 20 |
| Heterostructures | p. 23 |
| Non-crystalline materials | p. 24 |
| Polycrystalline materials | p. 25 |
| Amorphous and glassy materials | p. 26 |
| Liquid crystals | p. 27 |
| Organic materials | p. 31 |
| Summary | p. 31 |
| Problems | p. 33 |
| Further reading | p. 37 |
| Quantum Mechanics and Electronic Levels | p. 39 |
| Introduction | p. 39 |
| Need for quantum description | p. 40 |
| Some experiments that ushered in the quantum age | p. 40 |
| Schrodinger equation and physical observables | p. 48 |
| Wave amplitude | p. 52 |
| Waves, wavepackets, and uncertainty | p. 54 |
| Particles in an attractive potential: bound states | p. 57 |
| Electronic levels in a hydrogen atom | p. 58 |
| Particle in a quantum well | p. 62 |
| Harmonic oscillator problem | p. 67 |
| From atoms to molecules: coupled wells | p. 69 |
| Electrons in crystalline solids | p. 77 |
| Electrons in a uniform potential | p. 80 |
| Particle in a periodic potential: Bloch theorem | p. 85 |
| Kronig-Penney model for bandstructure | p. 87 |
| Summary | p. 93 |
| Problems | p. 93 |
| Further reading | p. 99 |
| Electronic Levels in Solids | p. 100 |
| Introduction | p. 100 |
| Occupation of states: distribution function | p. 100 |
| Metals, insulators, and superconductors | p. 104 |
| Holes in semiconductors | p. 104 |
| Bands in organic and molecular semiconductors | p. 107 |
| Normal and superconducting states | p. 108 |
| Bandstructure of some important semiconductors | p. 110 |
| Direct and indirect semiconductors: effective mass | p. 111 |
| Mobile carriers | p. 116 |
| Electrons in metals | p. 117 |
| Mobile carriers in pure semiconductors | p. 120 |
| Doping of semiconductors | p. 126 |
| Tailoring electronic properties | p. 131 |
| Electronic properties of alloys | p. 131 |
| Electronic properties of quantum wells | p. 132 |
| Localized states in solids | p. 136 |
| Disordered materials: extended and localized states | p. 138 |
| Summary | p. 141 |
| Problems | p. 141 |
| Further reading | p. 146 |
| Charge Transport in Materials | p. 148 |
| Introduction | p. 148 |
| An overview of electronic states | p. 149 |
| Transport and scattering | p. 151 |
| Scattering of electrons | p. 154 |
| Macroscopic transport properties | p. 162 |
| Velocity-electric field relations in semiconductors | p. 162 |
| Carrier transport by diffusion | p. 173 |
| Transport by drift and diffusion: Einstein's relation | p. 175 |
| Important devices based on conductivity changes | p. 178 |
| Field effect transistor | p. 179 |
| Bipolar junction devices | p. 184 |
| Transport in non-crystalline materials | p. 186 |
| Electron and hole transport in disordered systems | p. 187 |
| Ionic conduction | p. 191 |
| Important non-crystalline electronic devices | p. 193 |
| Thin film transistor | p. 193 |
| Gas sensors | p. 195 |
| Summary | p. 195 |
| Problems | p. 199 |
| Further reading | p. 200 |
| Light Absorption and Emission | p. 202 |
| Introduction | p. 202 |
| Important material systems | p. 204 |
| Optical processes in semiconductors | p. 207 |
| Optical absorption and emission | p. 210 |
| Chargei injection, quasi-Fermi levels, and recombination | p. 219 |
| Optical absorption, loss, and gain | p. 225 |
| Optical processes in quantum wells | p. 226 |
| Important semiconductor optoelectronic devices | p. 231 |
| Light detectors and solar cells | p. 231 |
| Light emitting diode | p. 238 |
| Laser diode | p. 243 |
| Organic semiconductors: optical processes & devices | p. 251 |
| Excitonic state | p. 252 |
| Summary | p. 255 |
| Problems | p. 255 |
| Further reading | p. 262 |
| Dielectric Response: Polarization Effects | p. 264 |
| Introduction | p. 264 |
| Polarization in materials: dielectric response | p. 265 |
| Dielectric response: some definitions | p. 265 |
| Ferroelectric dielectric response | p. 273 |
| Tailoring polarization: piezoelectric effect | p. 275 |
| Tailoring polarization: pyroelectric effect | p. 285 |
| Device applications of polar materials | p. 287 |
| Ferroelectric memory | p. 287 |
| Strain sensor and accelerometer | p. 288 |
| Ultrasound generation | p. 289 |
| Infrared detection using pyroelectric devices | p. 289 |
| Summary | p. 291 |
| Problems | p. 291 |
| Further reading | p. 295 |
| Optical Modulation and Switching | p. 296 |
| Introduction | p. 296 |
| Light propagation in materials | p. 297 |
| Modulation of optical properties | p. 302 |
| Electro-optic effect | p. 303 |
| Electro-absorption modulation | p. 309 |
| Optical modulation devices | p. 312 |
| Electro-optic modulators | p. 316 |
| Interferroelectric modulators | p. 318 |
| Summary | p. 323 |
| Problems | p. 325 |
| Further reading | p. 325 |
| Magnetic Effects in Solids | p. 326 |
| Introduction | p. 326 |
| Magnetic materials | p. 326 |
| Electromagnetic field magnetic materials | p. 327 |
| Physical basis for magnetic properties | p. 331 |
| Coherent transport: quantum interference | p. 335 |
| Aharonov Bohm effect | p. 335 |
| Quantum interference in superconducting materials | p. 338 |
| Diamagnetic and paramagnetic effects | p. 340 |
| Diamagnetic effect | p. 340 |
| Paramagnetic effect | p. 341 |
| Paramagnetism in the conduction electrons in metals | p. 345 |
| Ferromagnetic effects | p. 346 |
| Exchange interaction and ferromagnetism | p. 346 |
| Antiferromagnetic ordering | p. 348 |
| Applications in magnetic devices | p. 352 |
| Quantum interference devices | p. 352 |
| Application example: cooling by demagnetization | p. 354 |
| Magneto-optic modulators | p. 355 |
| Application example: magnetic recording | p. 357 |
| Giant magnetic resistance (GMR) devices | p. 359 |
| Summary | p. 359 |
| Problems | p. 359 |
| Further reading | p. 362 |
| Important Properties of Semiconductors | p. 363 |
| P-N Diode: A Summary | p. 368 |
| Introduction | p. 368 |
| P-N junction | p. 368 |
| P-N Junction under bias | p. 372 |
| Fermi Golden Rule | p. 380 |
| Lattice Vibrations and Phonons | p. 386 |
| Defect Scattering and Mobility | p. 393 |
| Alloy scattering | p. 393 |
| Screened Coulombic scattering | p. 396 |
| Ionized impurity limited mobility | p. 400 |
| Alloy scattering limited mobility | p. 402 |
| Index | p. 404 |
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