Preface xi
I Carbon 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials 2
1.2.1 Graphene 2
1.2.1.1 Top-down Methods 3
1.2.1.2 Bottom-up Methods 8
1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 9
1.2.2.1 Arc Discharge 11
1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation 12
1.2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 12
1.2.3 Graphyne 13
1.2.3.1 Liquid-phase Synthesis 15
1.2.3.2 Solid-phase Synthesis 17
1.3 Properties and Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 17
1.3.1 Graphene 17
1.3.1.1 Electrical Properties and Applications 18
1.3.1.2 Optoelectronic Properties and Applications 20
1.3.1.3 Spintronic Properties 23
1.3.1.4 Superconductive Properties 23
1.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 25
1.3.3 Graphyne 30
1.4 Conclusion 30
References 31
II Silicon 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Synthesis of Si NWs 42
2.2.1 Fundamental Aspects and Morphology Analysis of VLS Growth 43
2.2.1.1 The Process of Patterning Metal NPs 44
2.2.1.2 The Process of Silicon Transportation 45
2.2.1.3 Catalysts 47
2.2.2 Morphology Analysis for VLS or VSS Methods 51
2.2.2.1 Control of Diameter and Growth Direction 52
2.2.2.2 Diameter Stability 52
2.2.2.3 Contact Angle, Infiltration, and Base Exbandation 53
2.2.3 Oxide-assisted Growth 55
2.2.3.1 Development of OAG Theory 55
2.2.3.2 VLS or SLS: A Discussion of Precursor States in the Heat Pipes 55
2.2.3.3 Characterization of OAG NWs 57
2.2.3.4 OAG Growth on Substrate 57
2.2.4 Thermal Annealing of Silicon Substrates 58
2.2.5 Dissolution-based Methods 59
2.2.6 Etching Methods 60
2.2.6.1 Reactive Ion Etching and Dry Etching 60
2.2.6.2 Metal-assisted Chemical Etching 60
2.3 Horizontal Si NWs: Self-assembly or In-plane Epitaxy 61
2.3.1 Growth-assembly Methods 61
2.3.1.1 Fluid Alignment Strategy 61
2.3.1.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Assembly Strategy 61
2.3.1.3 Dielectrophoresis of NWs 61
2.3.1.4 Printing 62
2.3.1.5 Blown Bubble Film Method 62
2.3.2 In Situ Growth of Lateral NWs 62
2.4 Applications of Si NWs 63
2.4.1 Si NW Solar Cells 63
2.4.1.1 Principle and Structure of Si NW Solar Cells 64
2.4.1.2 Si NW Solar Cell Performance Improvements 67
2.4.1.3 Passivation of Si NW Solar Cells 69
2.4.2 Si NW-based Anode Materials for Lithium Batteries 71
2.4.3 Thermoelectric Generators 73
2.4.3.1 Si NW-based TEGs 74
2.4.3.2 On-chip Integration of Si NW-based Thermoelectric Modules 76
2.4.4 Electronics of Si NWs 76
2.4.4.1 Properties of Si NWs 77
2.4.4.2 Si NW-based Field Effect Transistors 80
2.4.4.3 Fabrication of Si NW Transistors 86
References 94
III Germanium 111
3.1 Introduction 111
3.2 Synthesis of Germanium Nanomaterials 112
3.2.1 Laser Ablation 112
3.2.2 SFLS Method 113
3.2.3 Thermal Evaporation 115
3.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 116
3.2.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis 119
3.3 Properties and Applications of Germanium Nanomaterials 120
3.3.1 Optical Properties 120
3.3.2 Raman Spectrum 122
3.3.3 Energy Storage Applications 124
3.3.4 Field Effect Transistor 128
3.4 Conclusion 131
References 131
IV Phosphorus 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Synthesis of BP 139
4.2.1 High Pressure 140
4.2.2 Ball Milling 141
4.2.3 Mineralization 141
4.3 Synthesis of BP Nanosheets 142
4.3.1 “Top-down” Approach 142
4.3.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation Method 142
4.3.1.2 Electrochemical Stripping 143
4.3.1.3 Liquid-phase Stripping 144
4.3.2 “Bottom-up” Approach 144
4.3.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition 144
4.3.2.2 Solvothermal 146
4.4 Properties of BP 146
4.4.1 Lattice Structure of BP 146
4.4.2 Energy Band Structure of BP 147
4.4.3 Anisotropy of BP 147
4.5 Applications of BP 148
4.5.1 Photodetector 148
4.5.2 Field Effect Transistor 152
4.5.3 Solar Cell 153
4.5.4 Biomedical and Sensing 155
4.5.5 Photocatalytic Degradation 157
4.6 Blue Phosphorus 159
4.7 Violet Phosphorus 160
4.8 Conclusion 161
References 161
V Tellurium 169
5.1 Introduction 169
5.2 Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium Nanomaterials 170
5.2.1 0D Tellurium Nanomaterial Synthesis 170
5.2.2 Controllable Synthesis of 1D Tellurium Nanostructures 170
5.2.2.1 Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium NWs 171
5.2.2.2 Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium Nanotubes 172
5.2.2.3 Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium Nanoribbons 174
5.2.3 Synthesis of 2D Tellurium Nanostructures 175
5.2.3.1 Gas-phase Deposition 175
5.2.3.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis 175
5.2.3.3 vdW Epitaxy 177
5.2.3.4 Liquid-phase Stripping 177
5.2.4 Synthesis of Chiral Tellurium Nanomaterials 177
5.3 Properties and Applications of Tellurium Nanostructures 179
5.3.1 Electrical Property 179
5.3.2 Photoconductive Properties 181
5.3.3 Piezoelectric Thermoelectric Properties 183
5.3.4 Chiral Properties 184
5.3.5 Gas Sensing 186
5.3.6 Chemical Templates 187
5.3.7 Batteries 189
5.4 Conclusion 191
References 191
VI Selenium 199
6.1 Introduction 199
6.2 Synthesis of Selenium Nanomaterials 200
6.2.1 Synthesis of 0D Selenium Nanostructures 200
6.2.2 Synthesis of 1D Selenium Nanostructures 203
6.2.2.1 Synthesis of Selenium NWs 203
6.2.2.2 Synthesis of Selenium Nanotubes 206
6.2.2.3 Synthesis of Selenium Nanorods 208
6.2.2.4 Synthesis of Selenium Nanobelts 209
6.2.3 Synthesis of 2DSelenium Nanostructures 211
6.3 Properties and Applications of Selenium Nanostructures 212
6.3.1 Optical Properties 213
6.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy 214
6.3.3 Photoluminescence 215
6.3.4 Electronics/Optoelectronics 216
6.3.5 Energy Storage and Conversion 219
6.3.6 Biological Applications 220
6.4 Conclusion 222
References 222
VII Borophene, Stanene, Arsenene, and Antimonene 231
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Borophene 232
7.2.1 Preparation of Borophene 232
7.2.2 Properties and Applications of Borophene 234
7.3 Stanene 237
7.3.1 Preparation of Stanene 237
7.3.2 Properties and Applications of Stanene 238
7.4 Arsenene and Antimonene 241
7.4.1 Preparation of Arsenene and Antimonene 241
7.4.2 Properties and Applications of Arsenene and Antimonene 242
7.5 Conclusion 244
References 245
Index 249
