List of Contributors xiii
Preface xv
PART I CONCEPTS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES
1 Superhydrophobicity and Self-Cleaning 3
Paul Roach and Neil Shirtcliffe
1.1 Superhydrophobicity 3
1.2 Self-Cleaning on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 12
1.3 Materials and Fabrication 25
1.4 Future Perspectives 27
References 28
PART II APPLICATIONS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES
2 Recent Development on Self-Cleaning Cementitious Coatings 35
Daniele Enea
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Atmospheric Pollution: Substances and Laws 36
2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 38
2.4 Self-Cleaning Surfaces 39
2.5 Main Applications 44
2.6 Test Methods 46
2.7 Future Developments 53
References 54
3 Recent Progress on Self-Cleaning Glasses and Integration with Other Functions 57
Baoshun Liu, Qingnan Zhao and Xiujian Zhao
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Theoretical Fundamentals for Self-Cleaning Glasses 58
3.3 Self-Cleaning Glasses Based on Photocatalysis and Photoinduced Hydrophilicity 62
3.4 Inorganic Hydrophobic Self-Cleaning Glasses 75
3.5 Self-Cleaning Glasses Modified by Organic Molecules 79
3.6 The Functionality of Self-Cleaning Glasses 80
References 84
4 Self-Cleaning Surface of Clay Roofing Tiles 89
Jonjaua Ranogajec and Miroslava Radeka
4.1 Clay Roofing Tiles and Their Deterioration Phenomena 89
4.2 Protective and Self-Cleaning Materials for Clay Roofing Tiles 105
References 123
5 Self-Cleaning Fibers and Fabrics 129
Wing Sze Tung and Walid A. Daoud
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 Photocatalysis 130
5.3 Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Surface Functionalization of Fibrous Materials 134
5.4 Application of Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Fibers 142
5.5 Limitations 144
5.6 Future Prospects 146
5.7 Conclusions 147
References 147
6 Self-Cleaning Materials for Plastic and Plastic-Containing Substrates 153
Houman Yaghoubi
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 TiO2 Thin Films on Polymers: Sol¢"Gel-Based Wet Coating Techniques 155
6.3 TiO2¢"Polymer Nanocomposites Review: Casting (Mixing) Techniques 181
6.4 TiO2 Sputter-Coated Films on Polymer Substrates 187
6.5 TiO2 Thin Films on PET and PMMA by Nanoparticle Deposition Systems (NPDS) 189
6.6 Photo-Responsive Discharging Effect of Static Electricity on TiO2-Coated Plastic Films 191
6.7 Recent Achievements 192
Acknowledgements 194
References 194
PART III ADVANCES IN SELF-CLEANING SURFACES
7 Self-Cleaning Textiles Modified by TiO2 and Bactericide Textiles Modified by Ag and Cu 205
John Kiwi and Cesar Pulgarin
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Self-Cleaning Textiles: RF-Plasma Pretreatment to Increase the Binding of TiO2 206
7.3 Self-Cleaning Mechanism for Colorless and Colored Stains on Textiles 208
7.4 Self-Cleaning Textiles: Vacuum-UVC Pretreatment to Increase the Binding of TiO2 209
7.5 XPS to Follow Stain Discoloration on Cotton Modified with TiO2 and Characterization of the TiO2 Coating 212
7.6 Bactericide /Ag/Textiles Prepared by Pretreatment with Vacuum-UVC 214
7.7 DC-Magnetron Sputtering of Textiles with Ag Inactivating Airborne Bacteria 217
7.8 Inactivation of E. coli by CuO in Suspension in the Dark and Under Visible Light 218
7.9 Inactivation of E. coli by Pretreated Cotton Textiles Modified with Cu/CuO at the Solid/Air Interface 220
7.10 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering (DC and DCP) of Nanoparticulate Continuous Cu-Coatings on Cotton Textile Inducing Bacterial Inactivation in the Dark and Under Light Irradiation 220
7.11 Future Trends 223
References 224
8 Liquid Flame Spray as a Means to Achieve Nanoscale Coatings with Easy-to-Clean Properties 229
Mikko Aromaa, Joe A. Pimenoff and Jyrki M. Makela
8.1 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles 229
8.2 Aerosol Reactors 233
8.3 Liquid Flame Spray 237
8.4 Liquid Flame Spray in Synthesis of Easy-to-Clean Antimicrobial Coatings 243
8.5 Summary 249
References 249
9 Pulsed Laser Deposition of Surfaces with Tunable Wettability 253
Evie L. Papadopoulou
9.1 Introduction 253
9.2 Basic Theory of Wetting Properties of Surfaces 254
9.3 Roughening a Flat Surface 256
9.4 Switchable Wettability 263
9.5 Concluding Remarks 270
References 271
10 Fabrication of Antireflective Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using Layer-by-Layer Assembly Techniques 277
Yu-Min Yang
10.1 Introduction 277
10.2 Antireflective Coatings 278
10.3 Solution-Based Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly Techniques 280
10.4 Mechanisms of Self-Cleaning 283
10.5 Fabrication of Antireflective Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer (ELbL) Assembly of Nanoparticles 285
10.6 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using LB Assembly of Micro-/Nanoparticles 297
10.7 Characterization of As-Fabricated Surfaces 300
10.8 Challenges and Future Development 306
10.9 Conclusion 307
References 307
PART IV POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND LIMITATIONS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES
11 The Environmental Impact of a Nanoparticle-Based Reduced Need of Cleaning Product and the Limitation Thereof 315
L. Reijnders
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Titania and Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes Can Be Hazardous and May Pose a Risk 319
11.3 Environmental Impact of a Reduced Need of Cleaning Product 323
11.4 Limiting the Direct Environmental Impact of a Nanoparticle-Based Reduced Need of Cleaning Product, Including Limitation of Risks Following from Exposure to Nanoparticles 330
11.5 Conclusion 331
References 331
Index
