Sediment Transport Dynamics

1. Introduction. 1.1 Origins of Sediments. 1.2 Classifications of Sediments. 1.3 Sediment Transport Processes and Problems. 1.4 Classifications of Water-Borne Sediment Loads. 1.5 Sediment Yields in the Worldâs Rivers. 1.6 Historical Development of Sediment Transport Dynamics. 1.7 Coverage of This Book. 2. Properties of Water and Sediment. 2.1 Physical Properties of Water. 2.2 Sediment Density and Specific Weight. 2.3 Mineral Composition of Sediments. 2.4 Electrochemical Properties of Sediment Particles. 2.5 Geometric Properties of Sediment Particles. 2.6 Size Gradation of Sediment Mixture. 2.7 Porosity and Dry Density of Sediment Deposit. 2.8 Geotechnical Properties of Sediment Deposit. 2.9 Physical Properties of Sediment-Laden Water. 3. Open Channel Flows. 3.1 Classifications of Open Channel Flows. 3.2 Basic Hydrodynamic Equations. 3.3 Turbulence Characteristics. 3.4 Velocity Profiles of Uniform Turbulent Flows. 3.5 Average Velocity and Boundary Shear Stress of Uniform Flows. 3.6 Three-Dimensional Flow Features. 3.7 Coherent Structures in Turbulent Shear Flows. 4. Settling of Sediment Particles. 4.1 Settling Process of Sediment Particles. 4.2 General Formula of Particle Settling Velocity. 4.3 Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles. 4.4 Settling Velocity of Sediment Particles. 4.5 Effects of Sediment Concentration on Settling Velocity. 4.6 Effects of Turbulence on Sediment Settling Velocity. 4.7 Measurements of Sediment Settling Velocity. 4.8 Relationship Between Fall and Nominal Diameters of Sediment Particles. 4.9 Time and Distance to Terminal Settling of Sediment Particles. Appendix 4.1 Settling Velocity of Common Natural Sediment Particles. 5. Incipient Motion of Sediments. 5.1 Drag and Lift Forces on Bed Sediment Particles. 5.2 Incipient Motion Thresholds of Individual Sediment Particles. 5.3 Approaches to Describing Incipient Motion of Bed Particle Ensembles. 5.4 Critical Average Velocity for the Incipient Motion of Uniform Sediments. 5.5 Critical Shear Stress for the Incipient Motion of Uniform Sediments. 5.6 Incipient Motion Thresholds of Nonuniform Sediments. 5.7 Incipient Motion Thresholds of Sediment Particles on a Steep Slope. 5.8 Other Factors Affecting the Incipient Motion of Sediment Particles. 5.9 Probabilities of Sediment Entrainment. Appendix 5.1 Comparison of Incipient Rolling, Sliding, and Lifting Thresholds of Spheres. Appendix 5.2 Comparison of Reference Thresholds of Sediment Incipient Motion. 6. Bed Forms. 6.1 Classifications of Bed Forms. 6.2 Development Mechanisms and Regimes of Bed Forms. 6.3 Dimensions and Speeds of Equilibrium Bed Forms. 6.4 Partition of Grain and Form Resistances. 6.5 Resistance Formulas of Sand-Bed Rivers. 6.6 Resistance Formulas for Gravel- and Cobble-Bed Rivers. 6.7 Comments on Movable Bed Roughness Formulas. 7. Bed-Load Transport. 7.1 Bed-Load Regimes. 7.2 Bed-Load Particle Dynamics. 7.3 Average Characteristics of Bed-Load Particle Motion. 7.4 Unisized Bed-Load Transport Capacity. 7.5 Multisized Bed-Load Transport Capacity. 7.6 Comparison of Bed-Load Formulas. 7.7 Effect of Steep Slope on Bed Load. 7.8 Fluctuations of Bed Load. 7.9 Measurements of Bed Load. 8. Suspended-Load Transport. 8.1 Suspended-Load Transport Processes. 8.2 Criteria of Incipient Suspension. 8.3 Time-Averaged Transport Equation for Suspended Load. 8.4 Vertical Distribution of Suspended-Load Concentration. 8.5 Depth-Averaged Concentration of Suspended Load. 8.6 Near-Bed Concentration of Suspended Load. 8.7 Transport Capacity of Suspended Load. 8.8 Nonequilibrium Transport of Suspended Load. 8.9 Measurements of Suspended Load. Appendix 8.1 Calculations of Einstein Integrals. 9. Total-Load Transport. 9.1 Total Transport Capacity of Bed-Material Load. 9.2 Fractional Transport Capacity of Bed-Material Load. 9.3 Comparison of Bed-Material Load Formulas. 9.4 Sediment Rating Curve. 9.5 Pickup Rate of Noncohesive Sediments. 9.6 Wash Load. 9.7 Infiltrated Sand Transport in Immobile Gravel and Cobble Beds. 10. Cohesive Sediment Transport. 10.1 Distinctive Features of Cohesive Sediments. 10.2 Settling and Deposition of Cohesive Sediments. 10.3 Erosion of Cohesive Sediments. 10.4 Exclusive Versus Continuous Erosion and Deposition. 10.5 Transport of Mixed Cohesive and Noncohesive Sediments. 10.6 Biological Effects on Sediment Transport. 10.7 Comments on Cohesive Sediment Transport. 11. Sediment-Laden Two-Phase Flows. 11.1 Two-Phase Perspective of Sediment-Laden Flows. 11.2 Two-Fluid Model of Sediment-Laden Flows. 11.3 Mixture Model of Sediment-Laden Flows. 11.4 Applications to Steady Uniform Sediment-Laden Flows. 12. Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows. 12.1 Classifications of Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows. 12.2 Rheology of Hyperconcentrated Sediment Slurries. 12.3 Uniform Muddy Flows. 12.4 Uniform Granular Flows. 12.5 Uniform Mixed-Type Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows. 12.6 Gradually-Varied Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows. 12.7 Rapidly-Varied Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows. 12.8 Morphological Features of Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows. 13. Coastal Sediment Transport. 13.1 Wave Propagation. 13.2 Wave Boundary Layer and Bed Shear Stress. 13.3 Sediment Transport in General Wave Environments. 13.4 Wave-Induced Currents and Sediment Transport in the Surf Zone. 13.5 Wave Motions and Sediment Transport in the Swash Zone. 14. Turbidity Currents. 14.1 General Considerations. 14.2 Uniform Turbidity Currents. 14.3 Gradually-Varied Turbidity Currents. 14.4 Rapidly-Varied Turbidity Currents. 14.5 Turbidity Currents in Reservoirs. 14.6 Turbidity Currents in Channels Open to Sediment-Laden Water. 14.7 Turbidity Currents in Seas and Lakes. 15. Physical Modeling and Similitude. 15.1 General Similitude Theories and Analytical Methods. 15.2 Scale Models of Open Channel Flows. 15.3 Scale Models of Sediment Transport Over Alluvial Beds. 15.4 Scale Models of Other Sediment Transport Processes. 15.5 Comments on Scale Models of Flow and Sediment Transport.