List of Contributors xv
Part I Cloud Security and Privacy 1
1 Introduction to the Cloud and Fundamental Security and Privacy Issues of the Cloud 3
Hassan Takabi and Mohammad GhasemiGol
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Cloud Computing and Security Issues 4
1.3 Identity Security in the Cloud 9
1.4 Information Security in the Cloud 9
1.5 Cloud Security Standards 16
1.6 Conclusion 20
References 20
2 Cloud Infrastructure Security 23
Mohammad GhasemiGol
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Infrastructure Security in the Cloud 24
2.3 Infrastructure Security Analysis in Some Clouds 31
2.4 Protecting Cloud Infrastructure 45
2.5 Conclusion 49
References 49
3 Confidentiality of Data in the Cloud: Conflicts Between Security and Cost 51
Nathalie Baracaldo and Joseph Glider
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Background 51
3.3 Confidentiality: Threats and Adversaries 54
3.4 Achieving Data Confidentiality in Cloud Storage Systems 55
3.5 Reducing Cloud Storage System Costs through Data¢Reduction Techniques 57
3.6 Reconciling Data Reduction and Confidentiality 59
3.7 Trusted Decrypter 62
3.8 Future Directions for Cloud Storage Confidentiality with Low Cost 74
3.9 Conclusions 76
References 77
4 Access Control in Cloud IaaS 81
Yun Zhang, Ram Krishnan, Farhan Patwa, and Ravi Sandhu
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Background 82
4.3 Access Control in OpenStack Cloud IaaS 83
4.4 Access Control in AWS Cloud IaaS 90
4.5 Access Control in Azure Cloud IaaS 99
4.6 Conclusions 107
References 107
5 Cloud Security and Privacy Management 109
Patrick Kamongi
5.1 Introduction and Background 109
5.2 Security and Privacy Analysis 111
5.3 Best Security Practices and Recommendation 117
5.4 Use Case Example: Microsoft Office 365, SaaS Version 118
5.5 Current Trends and Future Direction 125
5.6 Related Works 125
5.7 Conclusion 126
Acknowledgments 126
References 126
6 Hacking and Countermeasures in the Cloud 129
Farzaneh Abazari, Hassan Takabi, and Morteza Analoui
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Background 130
6.3 Cloud Security Threats 130
6.4 Cloud Security Countermeasures 134
6.5 Hacking the Cloud: Reality Check 136
6.6 Future of Cloud Security 137
6.6.1 Cloud Security for the IoT 138
6.7 Conclusions 139
References 139
7 Risk Management and Disaster Recovery in the Cloud 143
Saman Zonouz
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Background 143
7.3 Consequence¢ Centric Security Assessment 145
7.4 Future Directions 154
7.5 Conclusions 155
8 Cloud Auditing and Compliance 157
Paolina Centonze
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Background 157
8.3 Cloud Auditing 162
8.4 Cloud Compliance 170
8.5 Future Research Directions for Cloud Auditing and Compliance 183
8.6 Conclusion 184
References 185
Further Reading 187
9 Security¢as¢a¢Service (SECaaS) in the Cloud 189
Saman Taghavi Zargar, Hassan Takabi, and Jay Iyer
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Related Work 192
9.3 Security¢ as¢a¢Service Framework 194
9.4 Conclusions 199
References 199
Part II Cloud Forensics 201
10 Cloud Forensics: Model, Challenges, and Approaches 203
Lei Chen, Nhien¢An Le¢Khac, Sebastian Schlepphorst, and Lanchuan Xu
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Background 204
10.3 Process and Model of Cloud Forensics 207
10.4 Cloud Forensics Methods, Approaches, and Tools 211
10.5 Challenges in Cloud Forensics 213
10.6 Conclusions 214
References 214
11 Cyberterrorism in the Cloud: Through a Glass Darkly 217
Barry Cartwright, George R. S. Weir, and Richard Frank
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 What is Terrorism? 218
11.3 Defining Cyberterrorism 220
11.4 Cyberterrorism vs. Terrorist Use of Cyberspace 221
11.5 Cyberterrorism in the Cloud 222
11.6 The Benefits of the Cloud to Cyberterrorists 225
11.7 Cyberlaw and Cyberterrorism 227
11.8 Conclusion: Through a Glass Darkly 230
References 232
12 Digital Forensic Process and Model in the Cloud 239
Nhien¢An Le¢Khac, James Plunkett, M¢Tahar Kechadi, and Lei Chen
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 Digital Forensics Models 240
12.3 Cloud Forensics Process and Model 243
12.4 Toward a New Cloud Forensics Model 246
12.5 Evaluation and Analysis 251
12.6 Conclusion 253
References 253
13 Data Acquisition in the Cloud 257
Nhien¢An Le¢Khac, Michel Mollema, Robert Craig, Steven Ryder, and Lei Chen
13.1 Introduction 257
13.2 Background 258
13.3 Data Center as a Source of Evidence 259
13.4 Cloud Service Providers: Essential Requirements, Governance, and Challenges 260
13.4.1 Business Model 261
13.5 Cloud Storage Forensics 264
13.6 Case Study 1: Finding Data Centers on the Internet in Data¢Dense Environments 265
13.7 Case Study 2: Cloud Forensics for the Amazon Simple Storage Service 274
13.8 Conclusion 281
References 281
14 Digital Evidence Management, Presentation, and Court Preparation in the Cloud: A Forensic Readiness Approach 283
Lucia De Marco, Nhien¢An Le¢Khac, and M¢Tahar Kechadi
14.1 Introduction 283
14.2 Cloud Forensics and Challenges 284
14.3 Digital Forensics Readiness 285
14.4 Cloud Forensics Readiness 287
14.5 Forensics Readiness in Evidence Management, Presentation, and Court Preparation 291
14.6 Conclusion 295
References 296
15 Analysis of Cloud Digital Evidence 301
Irfan Ahmed and Vassil Roussev
15.1 Introduction 301
15.2 Background 305
15.3 Current Approaches 307
15.4 Proposed Comprehensive Approaches 312
15.5 Discussion 317
15.6 Conclusions 317
References 318
16 Forensics¢as¢a¢Service (FaaS) in the State¢of¢the¢Art Cloud 321
Avinash Srinivasan and Frank Ferrese
16.1 Introduction 321
16.2 Background and Motivation 323
16.3 State of the Art in Parallel and Distributed Forensic Analysis 325
16.4 Conclusion and Future Research Direction 334
References 335
Index 339
