Satellite Communications Fundamentals

By: Jules E. Kadish, Thomas W.R. East

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Hardcover | 30 September 2000

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Hardcover
512 Pages

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22.86 x 15.88 x 3.18

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This manual seeks to help the reader grasp the fundamentals of satellite communications and related disciplines by explaining the underpinnings, introducing key personalities, and probing emerging issues. Starting with the basics, the authors introduce key topics such as orbital mechanics, electromagnetic theory, and atmospheric effects on signals, earth stations, digital communication, and video compression. The accompanying CD-ROM allows practical calculations such as rain attenuation and radio link budgets.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Satellite Communication

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
What this book is all about	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Overview	p. 2
An overview of satellite communications	p. 5
Electronic communications	p. 5
Repeater stations	p. 7
Position of the satellite	p. 7
Some advantages of satellite communications	p. 8
Some history	p. 9
Elliptical and geosynchronous orbits	p. 13
Frequencies used by satellites	p. 16
Satellite footprints	p. 18
Summary	p. 19
Gravity and the geostationary satellite	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Units used in this text	p. 22
Fundamentals of gravity	p. 25
Geostationary satellites	p. 27
Gravity	p. 28
Centrifugal force	p. 32
A quick review of calculus	p. 32
Determining the geostationary altitude	p. 37
Orbits	p. 40
Placing a geostationary satellite in its orbit	p. 46
Potential damage to satellites: Van Allen radiation belts	p. 48
Other satellite orbits--Molniya	p. 49
Other satellite orbits--Walker constellations	p. 50
Low Earth-orbiting satellites (LEO)	p. 51
Comparison of orbit features	p. 54
Summary	p. 55
The geometry of the geostationary satellite	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Satellite distance and angles	p. 60
Earth station-to-satellite distance	p. 61
Azimuth and elevation angles from the Earth station to the satellite	p. 63
Variation of elevation angle and distance to satellite with latitude	p. 66
Antenna mounts for home dishes	p. 67
The polar mount	p. 67
Error angle when using polar mount	p. 69
Mounts for larger antennas	p. 71
Summary	p. 71
Electricity and magnetism	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
The electric field, electrostatics, and electricity	p. 75
Voltage as a scalar potential	p. 82
The magnetic field	p. 84
Magnetic field produced by a current of electricity	p. 87
Maxwell's displacement currents	p. 92
Summary	p. 97
Maxwell's equations	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Some general concepts	p. 102
Vector gradient	p. 102
Vector divergence and the surface integral	p. 102
The vector curl	p. 104
Maxwell's first equation	p. 105
Maxwell's second equation	p. 106
Maxwell's third equation	p. 106
Maxwell's fourth equation	p. 107
Maxwell's four equations in vector format	p. 109
Maxwell's equations in free space	p. 111
Scalar and vector potentials	p. 112
Summary	p. 115
The wave equation	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
A puzzle	p. 118
Velocity of light and of electromagnetic waves	p. 121
Traveling waves	p. 124
Electromagnetic plane waves	p. 126
Polarization	p. 130
Energy in the electromagnetic wave	p. 131
Resistance, inductance, and capacitance	p. 131
Energy density of an electric field	p. 131
Energy density of magnetic field	p. 132
The power per square meter in the electromagnetic wave	p. 134
The Poynting vector	p. 136
Summary	p. 136
Transmission lines and radiation	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Some basic concepts about transmission lines	p. 140
Inductance, capacitance, AC current, and voltage	p. 140
The equivalent circuit to a transmission line	p. 142
Analysis of the equivalent circuit	p. 142
Sinusoidal representation of the wave equation	p. 144
Characteristic impedance	p. 145
Some typical values	p. 146
The terminated transmission line	p. 146
The shorted, or open-terminated, line, standing waves	p. 149
E and B waves on the transmission line	p. 150
The flared open-ended transmission line	p. 151
Waveguides	p. 152
Radiation and the accelerating charge	p. 156
The mechanism of electromagnetic wave generation	p. 159
Retarded potentials and radiation	p. 162
Summary	p. 168
Parabolic antennas	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Dipoles, horns, and arrays	p. 172
A brief history	p. 176
Geometry of the parabola	p. 179
The parabolic antenna pattern--introduction	p. 182
Gain, aperture illumination, beamwidth, and sidelobes	p. 187
The small dish for satellite reception	p. 191
The Cassegrainian parabola	p. 191
Noise entering the antenna	p. 192
Noise temperature, cosmic noise, and atmospheric absorption	p. 194
Noise temperature and attenuation	p. 197
Antenna gain measurement	p. 198
Feed systems	p. 199
Resume of important equations	p. 206
Antenna gain	p. 206
Effective antenna aperture area	p. 206
Half-power beam width	p. 206
Polarization angle	p. 207
Off-axis gain loss	p. 207
Antenna noise temperature	p. 207
Summary	p. 208
Noise	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Thermal noise	p. 212
Attenuators	p. 215
Amplifiers	p. 217
Noise figure	p. 219
Other sources of noise	p. 219
Solar noise	p. 219
Intermodulation	p. 220
Interference	p. 224
Summary	p. 225
Atmosphere and ionosphere	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Atmospheric gases	p. 229
Beam spread loss	p. 229
Atmospheric attenuation	p. 230
Weather	p. 232
Rain	p. 233
Attenuation exceeded 0.01% of an average year	p. 233
Attenuation exceeded for other percentage times	p. 237
Worst month	p. 238
Clouds	p. 238
Ice crystals and snow	p. 245
Depolarization	p. 245
Site diversity	p. 246
Scintillation	p. 246
Noise temperature	p. 248
The ionosphere	p. 248
Faraday rotation	p. 248
Ionospheric scintillation	p. 249
Summary	p. 249
Earth stations and introduction to modulation	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Configuration of an Earth station	p. 251
Introduction to modulation	p. 254
Amplitude modulation	p. 255
Frequency modulation	p. 256
Digital modulation	p. 260
Multiple access	p. 270
Frequency division multiple access systems	p. 270
Time division multiple access systems	p. 271
Code division multiple access systems	p. 273
Comparison of multiple access systems	p. 273
Summary	p. 276
The satellite downlink and its link budget	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
The satellite transponder EIRP	p. 280
Noise power	p. 282
Antenna noise temperature	p. 283
Rain attenuation noise temperature	p. 284
Microwave device loss	p. 284
Total noise power	p. 284
Noise bandwidth	p. 285
C/N power ratio	p. 286
C/N and S/N	p. 287
Noise voltage input and output	p. 291
Noise output voltage from the detector	p. 292
The noise amplitude above threshold	p. 293
TV postdetection filters	p. 294
The improvement factor	p. 297
The signal output from the detector	p. 297
The signal-to-noise power ratio, S/N	p. 298
Reception quality, C/N and S/N	p. 299
Summary	p. 300
The satellite uplink, the satellite, and the link budget	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Flux density, EIRP, and losses	p. 303
The uplink	p. 304
Special uplink considerations	p. 306
Companded FM SCPC	p. 307
The satellite	p. 309
Multibeam satellites	p. 309
On-board processing	p. 312
Overall link budget--noise	p. 313
Link optimization in FM systems	p. 314
Summary	p. 316
The FM threshold	p. 317
Introduction	p. 317
Review of S/N versus C/N above threshold	p. 318
The click mechanism	p. 320
The S/N below threshold	p. 321
The RMS noise frequency	p. 322
Probability of a click	p. 323
The click rate, energy per hertz, and click power	p. 325
The S/N versus C/N above and below threshold	p. 325
Summary	p. 327
Digital communications	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
Some prominent personalities	p. 330
Harry Nyquist	p. 330
R. V. L. Hartley	p. 332
Claude Elwood Shannon	p. 333
Richard Wesley Hamming	p. 336
Andrew J. Viterbi	p. 337
Source and channel coding and decoding	p. 337
Bit errors and error correction	p. 338
Bandwidth and roll-off	p. 342
Symbol and bit errors in received QPSK	p. 344
Forward error correction (FEC) and Viterbi coding	p. 349
The compressed video system	p. 351
Statistical multiplexing	p. 355
Summary	p. 356
Video compression	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Resolution	p. 359
Redundancy	p. 360
How high compression is achieved	p. 361
MPEG	p. 361
Discrete cosine transform	p. 363
Two-dimensional DCT	p. 366
Intracoding an I picture	p. 367
Zigzag scanning and entropy coding	p. 368
Decoder	p. 370
Coding moving pictures	p. 371
Motion prediction	p. 372
Motion compensation	p. 373
MPEG audio	p. 374
Summary	p. 374
Using the CD program	p. 377
Introduction	p. 377
Program contents	p. 378
Some generalities concerning program inputs	p. 379
Installing the CD programs	p. 380
Conclusions	p. 381
The past	p. 381
The present	p. 382
The future	p. 383
Historical perspective	p. 387
A review of vector analysis	p. 423
Link budget analysis	p. 443
Glossary, units, and symbols	p. 461
About the Authors	p. 467
Index	p. 469
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Satellite Communications Fundamentals

At a Glance

Hardcover

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