| Risks | p. 1 |
| Why Are We Writing About This Topic? | p. 1 |
| Risk as a Science Topic and Expected Impact on the Society | p. 2 |
| What Is Risk? | p. 2 |
| Varying Concepts of Risk | p. 4 |
| Basic Components of Risk | p. 5 |
| Characteristics of Risks in the Modern World: New Challenges to Risk Governance | p. 7 |
| The Integration of Perceptions and Social Concerns | p. 10 |
| Analysis of the Risk Issues Involved | p. 12 |
| How to Deal with Systemic Risks? | p. 12 |
| The "Traditional" Understanding of Risk Governance | p. 13 |
| The Need for an Integrated Framework of Risk Governance | p. 18 |
| Risk Management Styles According to Different Regulatory Styles of Risk Governance | p. 23 |
| Stakeholder and Public Involvement | p. 23 |
| Stakeholder Involvement and the Synthesis of Conflicting Perspectives | p. 23 |
| Coping with the Plurality of Knowledge and Values | p. 26 |
| International Challenges When Dealing with Transboundary Risks | p. 29 |
| Premises for Successful Risk Governance | p. 31 |
| Organizational Capacity to Deal with Risks | p. 31 |
| Prerequisites of Good Governance | p. 32 |
| Principles of the Governance of Systemic Risks | p. 33 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 35 |
| Glossary | p. 36 |
| References | p. 37 |
| Biodiversity at Risk | p. 41 |
| Why Are We Writing About This Topic? | p. 41 |
| Why Is Biodiversity Important for the World and for Everyday Life? | p. 44 |
| Science and Background | p. 46 |
| Simple Risks to Biodiversity | p. 47 |
| Complex Risks to Biodiversity | p. 49 |
| Uncertain Risks to Biodiversity | p. 51 |
| Ambiguous Risks to Biodiversity | p. 53 |
| What Do We Do with What We Know? | p. 54 |
| Risk Assessment | p. 54 |
| Risk Management | p. 59 |
| Risk Communication | p. 66 |
| Future Perspectives | p. 68 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 70 |
| Glossary | p. 71 |
| References | p. 73 |
| Chemical Contaminants in Food | p. 79 |
| Why Are We Writing About This Book | p. 79 |
| Chemical Contaminants and Expected Impact | p. 80 |
| Why Is the Study of Health Effects Caused by Contaminants Important? | p. 80 |
| Dloxin: Description and Origin | p. 81 |
| Detecting and Assessing the Effects of Dioxins | p. 82 |
| Dioxin: Impact on Humans/Animals | p. 84 |
| Dioxin Effects in Humans | p. 85 |
| Sources of Dioxin Exposure | p. 87 |
| Pollution/Accidents | p. 88 |
| General Pollution | p. 88 |
| Food-Related Accidents | p. 89 |
| The Baltic Sea | p. 90 |
| Routes of Dioxin Exposure | p. 90 |
| Food: Baby/Adult | p. 91 |
| Mechanisms of Action of Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Chemicals | p. 92 |
| Mechanism of Action of AhR | p. 93 |
| Managing Risk | p. 94 |
| The Toxic Equivalent Factors | p. 94 |
| Future Perspectives | p. 96 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 97 |
| Glossary | p. 97 |
| References | p. 97 |
| The Food Choices We Make | p. 101 |
| Why Am I Writing About This Topic? | p. 101 |
| Why Have Genetically Modified Food? Why Is It Important for the World? | p. 102 |
| History: The Big Picture | p. 102 |
| GM Crops and Food | p. 103 |
| When First Grown? | p. 103 |
| How Much Is Being Grown and Where? | p. 104 |
| Why Grow Them? | p. 104 |
| What Is Different About Creating GM Crops from New Conventional Crops? | p. 105 |
| How Safe? | p. 106 |
| How Genetic Engineering Works | p. 107 |
| Understanding the Principles of Genetics | p. 107 |
| The Role of DNA, RNA, and Proteins | p. 107 |
| Enzymes and DNA Manipulation | p. 107 |
| Living Cells: Plant Regeneration from Single Cells | p. 108 |
| DNA Delivery into Plant Cells | p. 108 |
| Development of Verification Methodologies | p. 109 |
| Detection and Identification of GMO | p. 109 |
| Risk Governance: What Do We Do to Make Sure GM Crops Are Safe? | p. 110 |
| Risk Assessment | p. 111 |
| What Happens If Risk Assessment Does Not Lead to Clear Answers? | p. 113 |
| Risk Management | p. 113 |
| Risk Management in the Face of Uncertainty: The Use of the Precautionary Principle | p. 114 |
| Political Dimension of the Precautionary Principle | p. 115 |
| Why Should Precautionary Principle Be Applied to GM Crops and Their Products? | p. 115 |
| When Should the Precautionary Principle Be Triggered? | p. 115 |
| What Happens When Precautionary Principle Is Invoked? | p. 116 |
| Application of the Precautionary Principle to GM Crops in Europe | p. 118 |
| Precautionary Principle Impact on Innovation and as a Tool for Reaching International Trade Agreements | p. 119 |
| Concluding Comments | p. 122 |
| Communicating GMO Issues | p. 123 |
| The Challenge of Communicating Risk Issues | p. 123 |
| Attitudes to Risks Concerning GM Crops and Products | p. 124 |
| Why Communicate GMO Issues | p. 126 |
| Who should Do the Communicating and Where Should It Take Place? | p. 127 |
| What should Be Communicated | p. 127 |
| Addressing Potential Risks of GM Crops: Case Study of Germany | p. 128 |
| Public Opinion and Media | p. 129 |
| Politics | p. 130 |
| Regulations | p. 132 |
| Risk Assessment, Politics, and Decision Making | p. 134 |
| Future Prospects | p. 135 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 136 |
| Glossary | p. 137 |
| References - Key Resources | p. 141 |
| Internet-Based References | p. 142 |
| Index | p. 143 |
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