Recent Developments In Reliability-based Civil Engineering

By: Achintya Haldar (Editor)

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Hardcover | 14 February 2006

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Authored by the most active scholars in their respective areas, this volume covers the most recent developments, both theoretical and applicative, in multi-disciplinary reliability evaluation areas, many of which are cutting-edge and not discussed elsewhere in book form.The broad coverage includes the latest thoughts on design for low probability and high consequence events like the failure of the World Trade Center as well as risk acceptability based on the Life Quality Index. Other chapters discuss the development of the performance-based design concept, and the generally overlooked area of the reliability evaluation of bridges and offshore structures. Since the finite element method is routinely used for structural analyses, emphasis is put on discussing reliability evaluation using finite elements including consideration of the mesh-free finite element method. Corrosion and fatigue reliability evaluation techniques are other urgent issues that are dealt with in depth. Risk-based optimization using lifecycle cost analysis is presented. Among the many additional included topics, a chapter is devoted to health assessment of existing structures, currently one of the most active research areas.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Civil Engineering Mechanical Engineering & Materials Production & Industrial Engineering Reliability Engineering Mechanical Engineering Computing & I.T.Computer Science Booktopia Publisher Services World Scientific Publishing

Preface	p. v
Risk and Risk Perception for Low Probability, High Consequence Events in the Built Environment	p. 1
Why Risk?	p. 1
Structural Reliability	p. 2
Mathematical basis	p. 2
Mathematical reliability versus codified design	p. 3
Risk and Risk Perception	p. 4
Low Probabilities and High Consequences	p. 6
Issues with events of small probability	p. 6
Issues with the convolution of probability and consequence	p. 7
Issues of political accountability	p. 7
Alternative Decision Criteria	p. 8
Expected value	p. 8
Minimum regret	p. 9
Mini-max and as low as reasonable	p. 10
Additional criteria	p. 10
Societal Decision-Making	p. 11
Trade-offs	p. 11
Development, sustainability and intergenerational issues	p. 11
Assessing risks and benefits	p. 12
Economic lifetime	p. 12
Utility and discounting	p. 13
Probabilistic risk versus uncertainty	p. 14
Objective and subjective probability	p. 14
Aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty	p. 14
Psychological distinctions	p. 15
Risk or risk perception?	p. 15
Political issues	p. 16
References	p. 18
Socio-Economic Risk Acceptability Criteria	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Theoretical Developments	p. 22
SWTP's for Some Selected Countries	p. 27
Application to Event-Type Hazards from Technical Facilities and the Natural Environment	p. 29
Summary and Conclusions	p. 30
References	p. 30
Reliability in Structural Performance Evaluation and Design	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Reliability-Based Performance-Oriented Design	p. 34
Performance goal	p. 34
Reliability evaluation	p. 34
Effect of capacity and epistemic uncertainty	p. 37
IDA analysis of capacity against incipient collapse	p. 38
Reliability-based design	p. 39
Target reliability level	p. 40
Minimum Lifecycle Cost Design Criteria	p. 40
Design based on optimization	p. 40
Design against earthquakes	p. 41
Design against earthquake and wind hazards	p. 42
Application to Vulnerability and Retrofit Analysis	p. 44
Reliability and Redundancy	p. 47
Steel moment frames of different connection ductility capacities	p. 47
Uniform-risk redundancy factor R[subscript R]	p. 48
Moment frames of different configurations	p. 49
Concluding Remarks	p. 52
Acknowledgments	p. 52
References	p. 52
Performance-Based Reliability Evaluation of Structure-Foundation Systems	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Reliability-Based Approaches	p. 58
Performance Functions	p. 59
Strength performance functions	p. 59
Serviceability performance functions	p. 60
System Reliability	p. 61
Performance modes (PM) - Brittle behavior of piles	p. 63
Evaluation of the most significant performance mode	p. 64
Upper bound evaluation of the system probability of UP	p. 65
Performance modes (PM) - Ductile behavior of piles	p. 66
Evaluation of the most significant performance mode	p. 67
Upper bound evaluation of the system probability of UP	p. 68
Illustrative Examples	p. 68
System reliability bounds considering brittle behavior of piles	p. 69
System reliability bounds considering ductile behavior of piles	p. 70
Calculation of incremental load, [Delta]P[subscript 1]	p. 70
Conclusions	p. 73
Acknowledgments	p. 74
References	p. 74
Application of Probabilistic Methods in Bridge Engineering	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Code Calibration	p. 78
Application to Bridge Engineering	p. 79
Resistance modeling	p. 79
Load modeling	p. 80
Example	p. 81
Reliability of Bridge Structural Systems	p. 82
Series systems	p. 83
Ditlevsen's bounds for systems in series	p. 83
Parallel systems	p. 84
Example	p. 85
Generation of failure modes	p. 86
Response Surface Method	p. 86
Genetic Algorithms in Bridge System Reliability	p. 88
Genetic algorithm method	p. 89
Illustrative example	p. 90
Analysis of cable-stayed bridge	p. 92
Concluding Remarks	p. 95
Acknowledgments	p. 95
References	p. 95
Stochastic Response of Fixed Offshore Structures	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Sources of nonlinearities	p. 99
Frequency-domain analyses of wave loadings	p. 100
Volterra series approach	p. 101
Cumulant spectral approach	p. 101
Polynomial Approximation of Nonlinear Wave Forces	p. 102
Morison and inundation drag forces	p. 103
Least squares approximation (LSA)	p. 104
Moment-based approximation (MBA)	p. 105
Volterra-Series Based Frequency-Domain Analysis	p. 106
A third-order Volterra series model	p. 106
Application to spectral analysis of wave force	p. 107
Power-spectrum of F	p. 109
Power-spectrum of P	p. 109
Higher-order spectra analysis of F	p. 110
Cumulant Spectral Analysis	p. 110
Input-output spectral relationship	p. 110
Correlation functions of F & P	p. 112
Fourth-order cumulant function of Q	p. 113
Fourth-order moment function of D	p. 115
Time-Domain Simulations	p. 117
Linear wave	p. 117
Nonlinear wave	p. 118
Numerical example	p. 119
Concluding Remarks	p. 122
References	p. 122
Application of Reliability Methods to Fatigue Analysis and Design	p. 125
The Fatigue Process	p. 125
Engineering Descriptions of Fatigue Strength	p. 126
Miner's Rule	p. 127
Uncertainties in the Fatigue Process	p. 130
Strength modeling error; The quality of Miner's rule	p. 130
Strength uncertainty	p. 130
Stress uncertainty	p. 130
Managing Uncertainty; Structural Reliability	p. 131
Example. The Lognormal Format	p. 131
Same Example ... Different Statistical Distributions	p. 133
Reliability Analysis when Life is an Implicit Function	p. 134
Comments; A More General Case Where System Reliability is a Consideration and Maintenance is Performed	p. 135
Fatigue Design Criteria	p. 135
Fatigue design criteria; The design stress approach	p. 136
Target damage level	p. 136
Fatigue design criteria; Factor of safety on life	p. 137
Partial safety factor format	p. 137
Concluding Remarks	p. 139
References	p. 139
Probabilistic Models for Corrosion in Structural Reliability Assessment	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Factors in Marine Corrosion	p. 143
Probabilistic Model for Marine General Corrosion	p. 145
General form	p. 145
Mean value model	p. 146
Calibration of mean value model	p. 148
Bias and uncertainty functions b(t,T) and [epsilon](t,T)	p. 150
Example application	p. 152
Probabilistic Model for Marine Pitting Corrosion	p. 152
Background	p. 152
Probabilistic pit growth model	p. 154
Dependence and homogeneity for maximum pit depths	p. 156
Comparison	p. 157
Other Factors	p. 158
Steel composition	p. 158
Water velocity	p. 159
Saline and brackish waters	p. 159
Water pollution	p. 160
Season of first immersion	p. 161
Conclusion	p. 161
Acknowledgments	p. 161
References	p. 161
Seismic Risk Assessment of Realistic Frame Structures Using a Hybrid Reliability Method	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
A Unified Time-Domain Reliability Assessment of Real Structures	p. 166
Deterministic finite element method for dynamic analysis	p. 167
Systematic response surface method	p. 167
Consideration of uncertainty	p. 169
Limit state function for risk assessment	p. 170
Strength limit state	p. 170
Serviceability limit state	p. 171
Solution strategy	p. 172
Reliability Estimation of Frames with PR Connections	p. 172
Modeling of PR connections	p. 172
Incorporation of PR connections into the FEM	p. 174
Uncertainties in the connection model	p. 175
Reliability Estimation of In-Filled Frames	p. 175
Modeling of shear walls	p. 175
Incorporation of shear walls into the FEM	p. 176
Numerical Examples	p. 177
Example 1 - Seismic reliability of steel frame structures with FR and PR connections	p. 177
Seismic risk of the frame with FR connections	p. 177
Seismic risk of the frame with PR connections	p. 180
Example 2 - In-filled steel frame structures	p. 181
Reliability analysis of the frame without shear walls	p. 181
Reliability analysis of the frame with shear walls	p. 183
Conclusions	p. 185
Acknowledgments	p. 185
References	p. 185
Meshfree Methods in Computational Stochastic Mechanics	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
The Element-Free Galerkin Method	p. 188
Moving least squares and meshless shape function	p. 188
Variational formulation and discretization	p. 190
Essential boundary conditions	p. 192
Random Field and Parameterization	p. 192
Karhunen-Loeve representation	p. 192
Gaussian and translation random fields	p. 193
Meshfree method for solving integral equation	p. 194
Example 1: Eigensolution for a two-dimensional domain	p. 195
Multivariate Function Decomposition	p. 197
Univariate approximation	p. 198
Bivariate approximation	p. 200
Generalized S-variate approximation	p. 200
Statistical Moment Analysis	p. 201
General stochastic response	p. 201
Discrete equilibrium equations	p. 202
Example 2: Response statistics of a plate with a hole	p. 203
Reliability Analysis	p. 205
Response surface generation	p. 206
Monte Carlo simulation	p. 207
Example 3: Reliability analysis of a plate with a hole	p. 208
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 210
Acknowledgments	p. 210
References	p. 211
Reliability Analysis Using Information from Experts	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Procedure	p. 216
Data Collection Process	p. 217
Probability Encoding	p. 218
Biases in Data	p. 220
Summary and Conclusions	p. 225
References	p. 226
Risk-Based Optimization of Life-Cycle Cost for Deteriorating Civil Engineering Infrastructures	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Cost-Benefit Optimal Technical Facilities	p. 228
The Renewal Model for Systematic Replacement	p. 229
Discounting	p. 229
Basic renewal model	p. 229
Constant benefit and discount rates	p. 230
Non-constant discounting	p. 231
Non-constant benefit	p. 232
Deteriorating Structures and Numerical Laplace Transforms	p. 233
Renewal Models for Series Systems of Deteriorating Components	p. 234
Independent failure modes and different failure causes including obsolescence	p. 234
Dependent failure modes	p. 234
r-of-s-system of deteriorating components	p. 236
Inspection and Repair of Aging Components	p. 237
Numerical Techniques of Optimization	p. 239
Principles of a one-level approach	p. 239
Formulations for time-variant problems	p. 239
Examples	p. 240
Random capacity and random demand	p. 240
Optimal replacement of a series system of corroding dependent expansion joints[superscript 10]	p. 243
Optimal replacement of a reinforced concrete structure (r-of-s-system) subject to chloride corrosion in warm sea water	p. 245
Conclusions	p. 246
References	p. 247
Structural Health Assessment Under Uncertainty	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
ILS-EKF-UI Method	p. 251
GILS-EKF-UI Method	p. 257
Numerical Examples	p. 262
Example 1	p. 262
Example 2	p. 264
Example 3	p. 266
Conclusions	p. 267
Acknowledgments	p. 268
References	p. 268
Index	p. 271
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Recent Developments In Reliability-based Civil Engineering

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Hardcover

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