Raman Scattering in Materials Science

By: Willes H. Weber (Editor), Roberto Merlin (Editor)

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Hardcover | 24 August 2000

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516 Pages

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23.5 x 16.51 x 2.54

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Raman scattering is now being applied with increasing success to a wide range of practical problems at the cutting edge of materials science. The purpose of this book is to make Raman spectroscopy understandable to the non-specialist and thus to bring it into the mainstream of routine materials characterization. The book is pedagogical in approach and focuses on technologically important condensed-matter systems in which the specific use of Raman spectroscopy yields new and useful information. Included are chapters on instrumentation, bulk semiconductors and alloys, heterostructures, high-Tc superconductors, catalysts, carbon-based materials, wide-gap and super-hard materials, and polymers.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Technology in General Engineering in General Science Physics Optical Physics Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Materials & States of Matter Condensed Matter Physics including Liquid State & Solid State Physics Applied Physics

Science in General Scientific Equipment Microscopy Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering

Overview of Phonon Raman Scattering in Solids	p. 1
Light Scattering Mechanisms and Selection Rules	p. 3
Conservation Laws	p. 3
Kinematics: Wave Vector Conservation	p. 4
Kinematics: Breakdown of Wave Vector Conservation	p. 5
Light Scattering Susceptibilities	p. 6
Enumeration of Raman Active Modes	p. 9
Stokes and Anti-Stokes Scattering Intensities	p. 11
Resonant Light Scattering and Forbidden Effects	p. 12
Two-Phonon Scattering	p. 15
Phonons in Semiconductor Alloys	p. 17
Impurity Centers and Other Defects	p. 19
Phonons in Amorphous Materials	p. 22
Structural Phase Transitions: Effects of Temperature, Pressure and Composition	p. 23
Conclusions	p. 26
References	p. 26
The Effect of a Surface Space-Charge Electric Field on Raman Scattering by Optical Phonons	p. 30
References	p. 33
Raman Instrumentation	p. 35
Raman MeasurementRegime	p. 36
Spontaneous, Non-resonance Raman Spectral Measurements	p. 36
Spontaneous, Resonance Raman Spectral Measurements	p. 37
Nonlinear Raman Measurements	p. 38
Choice of Raman Excitation Wavelength	p. 38
CW Lasers	p. 38
Pulsed Lasers	p. 39
Optical Methods for Rayleigh Rejection	p. 40
Holographic Notch Filter	p. 41
Dielectric Edge Filters	p. 41
Pre-monochromator Rayleigh Rejection	p. 42
Raman Spectrometers	p. 42
Dispersive Raman Spectrometers	p. 42
FT-Raman Spectrometers	p. 44
Detectors	p. 44
Imaging Raman Spectrometers	p. 45
Examples of New Raman Instruments for Materials Characterization	p. 46
UV Raman Microspectrometer for CVD Diamond Studies	p. 47
UV Raman Instrument for in situ Studies of CVD Diamond Growth	p. 50
Conclusions	p. 52
References	p. 53
Characterization of Bulk Semiconductors Using Raman Spectroscopy	p. 55
Inelastic Light Scattering by Phonons in Semiconductors	p. 56
Phonons in Semiconductors	p. 58
Anharmonic Effects	p. 63
Raman Scattering by Phonons	p. 64
Semiconductor Characterization	p. 76
Crystal Orientation	p. 76
TemperatureMonitoring	p. 77
StressMeasurements	p. 80
Impurities	p. 85
Alloying	p. 90
Conclusion	p. 99
References	p. 99
Finding the Stress from the Raman Shifts: A Case Study	p. 104
References	p. 106
Brillouin Scattering from Semiconductors	p. 107
References	p. 108
Raman Scattering in Semiconductor Heterostructures	p. 109
Electrons in Semiconductor Heterostructures	p. 111
Resonant Raman Scattering	p. 114
Kinematics	p. 117
Vibrational Raman Scattering in Semiconductor Heterostructures	p. 118
Phonons in Semiconductor Quantum Wells	p. 118
Phonons as a Probe of Interface Roughness in a Quantum Well	p. 124
Electronic Raman Scattering in Semiconductor Heterostructures	p. 132
Shallow Impurities	p. 133
Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gas	p. 137
Conclusion	p. 144
References	p. 144
Raman Scattering Enhancement by Optical Confinementin Semiconductor Planar Microcavities	p. 148
References	p. 150
Raman Scattering in High-T_c Superconductors: Phonons, Electrons, and Magnons	p. 151
High-T_c Superconductors: Chemical Composition and Crystal Structure	p. 154
Raman Scattering by Phonons in High-T_c Superconductors	p. 161
Vibrational Frequencies and Eigenvectors	p. 161
Raman Intensities, Raman Tensors	p. 173
The Phases of the Raman Tensors	p. 173
Scattering by Intraband Electronic Excitations	p. 176
Normal Metals	p. 176
Scattering in the Superconducting State	p. 184
Electron-Phonon Interaction	p. 193
Crystal Field Transitions Between f-Electron Levels	p. 199
Light Scattering by Magnons in HTSC and Their Antiferromagnetic Parent Compounds	p. 204
Antiferromagnetic Structures in the Underdoped Parent Compounds	p. 204
Introduction to Light Scattering by Magnons in Antiferromagnets	p. 208
Electronic Structure of the CuO₂ Antiferromagnetic Insulator and the Mechanism of Scattering by Two Magnons	p. 210
Lineshape of Two-Magnon Raman Scattering in the Insulating HTSC Phases	p. 214
Resonant Raman Scattering by Magnons	p. 216
Scattering by Magnetic Fluctuations in Doped (Superconducting) Cuprates	p. 217
References	p. 219
Thoughts About Raman Scattering from Superconductors	p. 226
References	p. 228
Two-Magnon Inelastic Light Scattering	p. 230
References	p. 232
Raman Applications in Catalystsfor Exhaust-Gas Treatment	p. 233
Supports and Substrates	p. 235
Oxides of the Pt-Group Metals	p. 239
Platinum Oxides	p. 239
Iridium and Osmium Oxides	p. 243
Palladium Oxide	p. 243
Rhodium Oxides	p. 246
Ruthenium Oxide	p. 246
Mixed Oxides	p. 248
Oxygen Storage Materials	p. 249
Adsorbed Species	p. 252
Oxides of Nitrogen	p. 253
Oxides of Sulfur	p. 257
Particle-Size Effects	p. 259
Quantitative Analyses	p. 261
Summary and Outlook	p. 265
References	p. 266
Historical Perspective of Raman Spectroscopyin Catalysis	p. 271
References	p. 272
Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Analysesof III-V Nitride-Based Materials	p. 273
Experimental Considerations for Raman Scattering of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductors	p. 274
Raman Scattering of GaN, AlN, and InN Films and Crystallites	p. 275
Raman Tensors and Structure Identification of GaN, AlN, and InN	p. 275
Wurtzite and Zincblende Phases of GaN	p. 279
Wurtzite and Zincblende Structure of AlN and InN	p. 284
Stress Analysis and Substrate Issues for Epitaxial Growth	p. 287
Stress Analysis of GaN Films	p. 287
Stress Analysis in WZ-AlN	p. 290
Raman Analysis of the Quasi-Modes in AlN	p. 292
Phonon-Plasmon Interaction in GaN Films and Crystallites	p. 296
Isotopic Effects and Phonon Lifetimes in the Wurtzite Materials	p. 301
Wide Band-Gap Alloys	p. 303
Concluding Remarks	p. 309
References	p. 310
Raman Scattering in Fullerenesand Related Carbon-Based Materials	p. 314
Graphite Related Materials	p. 316
Single Crystal Graphite and 2D Graphene Layers	p. 317
Raman Spectra of Disordered sp² Carbons	p. 319
Introduction to Fullerene Materials	p. 326
Mode Classification in Fullerene Molecules	p. 327
C₆₀ Intra-Molecular Modes	p. 329
Higher-Order Raman Modes in C₆₀	p. 332
Perturbations to the Raman Spectra	p. 333
Vibrational Spectra for Phototransformed Fullerenes	p. 333
Inter-Molecular Modes	p. 335
Vibrational Modes in Doped C₆₀-based Solids	p. 335
Vibrational Spectra for C₇₀ and Higher Fullerenes	p. 337
Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes	p. 337
Structure of Carbon Nanotubes	p. 338
Nanotube Phonon Modes	p. 340
Raman Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes	p. 343
Raman Scattering Studies at High Pressure	p. 352
Charge Transfer Effects in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes	p. 354
Summary	p. 358
References	p. 359
A Case History in Raman and Brillouin Scattering: Lattice Vibrations and Electronic Excitations in Diamond	p. 365
References	p. 368
Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Polymer Structure	p. 369
Overview of Structural Characterization	p. 375
Amorphous Polymers: Low Frequency Observations	p. 379
Solid State Properties	p. 382
Polymer Anisotropy	p. 385
Motivation	p. 385
Partially Oriented Systems	p. 389
Definition of Orientation Function	p. 394
Long-Range Order and Disorder in Polymers	p. 396
Initial Observations Made for Models and Polymers	p. 396
Other LAM Observations	p. 397
Applications of LAM to Polymer Structural Characterization	p. 400
Fermi Resonance Interaction and Its Application to Structural Analysis	p. 411
Disordered States	p. 418
Normal Coordinate Approach	p. 419
Molecular Dynamics Approach	p. 421
Examples	p. 423
References	p. 438
C.V. Raman: A Personal Note	p. 446
References	p. 447
Raman Scattering in Perovskite Manganites	p. 448
Manganite Structure and Selection Rules for Optical Vibrational Modes	p. 451
Doped Crystals (x > 0)	p. 453
Undoped Crystals (x = 0)	p. 463
Films	p. 467
Summary	p. 475
References	p. 476
Raman Scattering from Perovskite Ferroelectrics	p. 479
References	p. 481
Index	p. 483
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Raman Scattering in Materials Science

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