The Psychology of Sex and Gender

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors UNIT I * FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 1 * Introducing Sex and Gender Introducing Sex and Gender How Do We Explain Central Concepts in the Psychology of Sex and Gender? What Makes Sex and Gender So Complicated? How Have Gender Movements Shaped History? About This Book CHAPTER 2 * Studying Sex and Gender Studying Sex and Gender What Is the Meaning of Difference? What Is Science? What Are the Primary Methods Used in Sex and Gender Research? How Do We Draw Conclusions From Multiple Studies? What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender Research? How Do We Address Challenges in Sex and Gender Research? UNIT II * BECOMING GENDERED: BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS CHAPTER 3 * The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender Nature Versus Nurture or Nature and Nurture? How Do Nature and Nurture Shape Sex Differentiation? How Do Nature and Nurture Shape Sex Assignment and Gender Identity? What Do Sex Differences in Brain Structure Reveal? How Do Theories of Sex Differences Account for Nature and Nurture? CHAPTER 4 * Gender Development Gender Development How Central Are Sex and Gender in Early Development? What Are the Major Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development? What Are the Experiences of Gender-Nonconforming Children? How Do Sex and Gender Shape Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood? How Do Sex and Gender Shape Development in Middle and Late Adulthood? UNIT III * STEREOTYPES, DISCRIMINATION, AND POWER CHAPTER 5 * The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes What Are the Contents and Structure of Gender Stereotypes? Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From? What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping? Are Gender Stereotypes Accurate? So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes, Really? CHAPTER 6 * Power, Sexism, and Discrimination Power, Sexism, and Discrimination How Do Power and Privilege Relate to Sex and Gender? What Is Sexism, and Why Does It Persist? What Is Gender Discrimination? How Can We Resist and Reduce Gender Discrimination? UNIT IV * COGNITION, EMOTION, AND COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 7 * Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes What Is Cognitive Ability? What Are the Sex Differences and Similarities in Cognitive Abilities? How Do Individual Differences and Context Influence Cognitive Performance? How Do Sex and Gender Relate to Outcomes in School and STEM Fields? CHAPTER 8 * Language, Communication, and Emotion Language, Communication, and Emotion How Do Gender-Related Words Influence Social Perception? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Verbal Communication? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Nonverbal Communication? How Do Sex and Gender Shape the Experience, Expression, and Identification of Emotions? UNIT V * SEXUALITY, RELATIONSHIPS, AND WORK CHAPTER 9 * Sexual Orientation and Sexuality Sexual Orientation and Sexuality How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual Orientation Differ Across Time and Culture? What Is Sexual Orientation? How Does Sexual Orientation Develop? Why Do People Differ in Sexual Orientation? How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience of Sexuality? How Does Sexuality Change Over the Life Course? CHAPTER 10 * Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal Relationships What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Social Networks and Friendships? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Interpersonal Attraction? What Is the Nature of Marriage-Past and Present? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Committed Relationships? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Parenting and Family Relationships? CHAPTER 11 * Work and Home Work and Home How Have Work and Home Labor Divisions Changed? How Do People Divide Housework and Childcare at Home? How Does Gender Operate in the Workplace? How Can We Explain the Gender Wage Gap? How Do Work and Family Roles Interact? UNIT VI * HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHAPTER 12 * Gender and Physical Health Gender and Physical Health How Have Understandings of Health and Longevity Changed Over Time? How Do Biological Factors Shape Sex Differences in Health? How Do Social Factors Contribute to Sex Disparities in Health? How Do Multiple Systems of Discrimination Shape Health and Health Care? What Do We Know About Sex-Specific Health Issues? CHAPTER 13 * Gender and Psychological Health Gender and Psychological Health How Are Mental Illnesses Defined, Classified, and Conceptualized? What Contributes to Sex Differences in Internalizing Disorders? What Contributes to Sex Differences in Externalizing Disorders? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Eating and Body Image Disorders? How Do LGBTQ Statuses Relate to Mental Health? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Mental Health Help-Seeking? What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Happiness and Well-Being? CHAPTER 14 * Aggression and Violence Aggression and Violence Are There Sex Differences in Aggression? What Are the Major Forms of Gender-Based Aggression and Violence? What Explains Gender-Based Aggression and Violence? What Is the Relationship Between Pornography and Sexual Aggression? UNIT VII * SUMMARY AND REFLECTION CHAPTER 15 * Gender Past, Present, and Future Gender Past, Present, and Future Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)? Gender Present: Where Are We Now (in the 21st Century)? Gender Future: Where Are We Going? Revisiting Our Challenge to You: Critical Thinking Glossary References Subject Index Author Index