| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
| Introduction | |
| Objective and Scope | p. 1 |
| Generic Requirements | p. 2 |
| Basic Requirements | p. 3 |
| Surveillance System | p. 3 |
| Content of the Book | p. 4 |
| References | p. 6 |
| Maritime Surveillance Applications | |
| Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) | p. 7 |
| Naval Surveillance Systems | p. 11 |
| Comparison of Civilian and Military (Naval) Systems | p. 15 |
| Design Methodology | p. 22 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Simulation of Naval Surveillance Aircraft Coverage Area and Revisit Time | p. 28 |
| Maritime Environment | |
| Effects of the Environment | p. 35 |
| Sea Conditions | p. 36 |
| Sea Waves | p. 37 |
| Ship Rotations | p. 41 |
| Multipath | p. 42 |
| Ducting Phenomenon | p. 43 |
| Sea Currents | p. 44 |
| Clutter | p. 45 |
| Clutter Characterisation | p. 45 |
| Surface and Volume Clutter | p. 51 |
| Sea Clutter | p. 53 |
| Land Clutter | p. 55 |
| Atmospheric Clutter | p. 56 |
| Signal Attenuation by the Propagation Medium | p. 58 |
| Clear Air Attenuation | p. 58 |
| Precipitation Attenuation | p. 58 |
| References | p. 60 |
| Sensors | |
| Introduction | p. 63 |
| Radars | p. 64 |
| General Features | p. 64 |
| Radar Equation | p. 74 |
| Microwave Radar for VTMIS Applications | p. 78 |
| Requirements | p. 79 |
| Typical Specifications FMCW Radars | p. 88 |
| Microwave Imaging Radars | p. 89 |
| The Role of Microwave Imaging Radars in MSS | p. 90 |
| Range Profiling Radars | p. 91 |
| Basic Principles of Side-Looking SAR | p. 92 |
| Basic Principles of ISAR | p. 98 |
| System Aspects | p. 102 |
| Typical Parameters of Airborne SAR/ISAR | p. 103 |
| Spaceborne Radars | p. 103 |
| Characteristics | p. 103 |
| Active and Passive Sensing | p. 106 |
| System Requirements | p. 106 |
| Synthetic Aperture Radar Design | p. 109 |
| Need for RandD | p. 113 |
| Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM) | p. 115 |
| The Role of ESM and ELINT in Maritime Surveillance | p. 115 |
| ESM Requirements | p. 117 |
| ESM Subsystems | p. 117 |
| ESM Receiver Types | p. 120 |
| Direction Finding Techniques | p. 121 |
| Maximum Intercept Range of ESM Receivers | p. 123 |
| Optical and IR Sensors | p. 125 |
| Optical and IR Sensors in Maritime Surveillance | p. 125 |
| Basic Quantities and Terminology | p. 126 |
| Atmospheric Transmission and Visibility | p. 128 |
| Radiation From Targets and the Environment | p. 131 |
| Parameters of the System Optics | p. 133 |
| Performance Parameters | p. 137 |
| Typical Sensor Specifications | p. 140 |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | p. 142 |
| GPS for Maritime Surveillance | p. 142 |
| Differential GPS (dGPS) | p. 150 |
| Transmission of Differential Corrections | p. 156 |
| Combined LORAN-C/dGPS (EUROFIX) | p. 163 |
| Future Trends in Satellite Navigation | p. 163 |
| HF Over-the-Horizon Radar | p. 166 |
| The Role of HF Radar in MSS | p. 166 |
| Skywave Propagation | p. 167 |
| Surface Wave Path Loss Calculations | p. 168 |
| RCS Consideration | p. 170 |
| Antenna Performance | p. 171 |
| HF Spectrum Occupancy | p. 171 |
| Sea Clutter at HF Frequencies | p. 172 |
| Monitoring the Sea Surface With HF Radar | p. 173 |
| Typical Parameters of HF Radars | p. 175 |
| References | p. 176 |
| Orbital Parameters for Surveillance Satellites | p. 179 |
| Synthetic Aperture Radar System Definition and Design Procedures | p. 184 |
| Sensor Platforms | |
| Types of Platforms | p. 187 |
| Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA) | p. 188 |
| Mission | p. 188 |
| Types of MSA | p. 189 |
| Quantity of Aircraft | p. 193 |
| Mission and Flight Profiles | p. 195 |
| Integration | p. 196 |
| Helicopters | p. 198 |
| Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) | p. 199 |
| Missions | p. 199 |
| Classification of UAV | p. 200 |
| Aerostats | p. 204 |
| Airborne Platforms for SAR | p. 206 |
| Search and Rescue | p. 206 |
| Communications | p. 208 |
| Vessel Features for SAR | p. 209 |
| Search Patterns | p. 210 |
| References | p. 213 |
| Principles of Automatic Target Recognition in a Maritime Environment | |
| Scope | p. 215 |
| EM Characterization of Vessels | p. 216 |
| Principles of Target Classification by Radar | p. 221 |
| Feature Extraction | p. 222 |
| Classification | p. 224 |
| Classification of Targets by Radar | p. 228 |
| Levels of Classification | p. 228 |
| Automatic Classification by Radar | p. 229 |
| Classification and Identification by ESM | p. 232 |
| IFF Classification | p. 234 |
| Low Observable Technology | p. 235 |
| Methods of RCS Reduction | p. 236 |
| Detection and Classification of Stealthy Targets | p. 238 |
| References | p. 238 |
| Multisensor Data Fusion | |
| Objective | p. 241 |
| Types of Data Fusion | p. 245 |
| Centralized Data Fusion | p. 245 |
| Distributed Data Fusion | p. 246 |
| Levels of Data Fusion | p. 248 |
| Sensor Attributes | p. 251 |
| Algorithms for Multisensor Data Fusion | p. 253 |
| Positional Fusion Algorithms | p. 254 |
| Identity Fusion Algorithms | p. 255 |
| Ancillary Support Algorithms | p. 258 |
| Positional Fusion Algorithms | p. 259 |
| Multi Target Tracking | p. 259 |
| Common Time and Coordinate Reference | p. 266 |
| Positional Fusion Algorithms | p. 267 |
| Decision-Level Identity Fusion | p. 270 |
| Classical Inference | p. 271 |
| Bayes Method | p. 274 |
| The Demster-Shafer Method for Identity Fusion | p. 276 |
| A Simulation Model for Bayes and Demster-Shafer Fusion Algorithms | p. 283 |
| Feature-Level Identity Fusion | p. 286 |
| Cluster Analysis Methods | p. 287 |
| Adaptive Neural Nets | p. 289 |
| Voting Methods | p. 290 |
| Parametric Templates | p. 290 |
| Display System | p. 291 |
| Database Management | p. 297 |
| References | p. 301 |
| Communications Systems and Data Links | |
| General | p. 305 |
| Communications for VTMIS | p. 305 |
| Requirements | p. 305 |
| RSS-VTC Communications | p. 306 |
| Ship-to-VTC Communications | p. 307 |
| Intra VTC Communications | p. 313 |
| Inter VTC Communications | p. 314 |
| Communications Between VTC and Relevant Authorities | p. 314 |
| Crisis Management Communications | p. 314 |
| VTC-Ship Owners/Agents Communications | p. 316 |
| Public Communications | p. 316 |
| Type of Communications | p. 316 |
| Naval Surveillance System Communications | p. 316 |
| System Composition | p. 316 |
| Communication Requirements | p. 317 |
| Possible Data Link Solutions | p. 323 |
| Error Analysis of the Positional data | p. 339 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Simulation of Maritime Surveillance Systems | |
| Introduction | p. 349 |
| The Characteristics of Simulation | p. 352 |
| Need for Simulation | p. 352 |
| Accelerated Simulation Methods | p. 355 |
| Verification and Validation | p. 356 |
| Event Based Simulation | p. 357 |
| Simulation of MSS | p. 360 |
| General Aspects | p. 360 |
| Sensor Models | p. 361 |
| Simulation In Maritime Surveillance (SIMS) | p. 365 |
| Description of the Model | p. 365 |
| Event Routines | p. 370 |
| Sample Outputs | p. 397 |
| An Off-Line Simulator for Construction of a Scattering Centre Representation of Ships (GRS) | p. 399 |
| Introduction | p. 399 |
| Model Outline | p. 400 |
| Sample Outputs | p. 402 |
| A Traffic Flow Simulator: TURBO | p. 404 |
| Requirements for a Traffic Flow Simulator | p. 404 |
| Model Outline | p. 405 |
| References | p. 415 |
| New Technologies, New Functions and Solutions | |
| Areas of RandD for VTMIS | p. 417 |
| Silent VTS | p. 417 |
| Developments in Sensor and Data Processing Technologies | p. 418 |
| Developments in Communications | p. 418 |
| Developments in dGPS | p. 419 |
| New Functions and Solutions | p. 420 |
| Automatic Ships Tracking | p. 420 |
| Automatic Ships Identification (AIS) | p. 422 |
| Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) | p. 426 |
| Additional Ships Motion Data | p. 427 |
| Visualisation of Collision-Avoidance Information and Decision Support for Encounter Situations | p. 428 |
| Extended Path Prediction Function | p. 429 |
| VTS Information Recording and Play-back | p. 431 |
| Remote Pilotage | p. 431 |
| Non-Cooperative Tracking of High Speed and Low RCS Vessels | p. 432 |
| Intelligent Knowledge-Based Systems (IKBS) | p. 433 |
| Issues to be Resolved for Safe and Efficient Navigation with VTS | p. 433 |
| The Issues | p. 433 |
| Comment on the Issues | p. 434 |
| References | p. 461 |
| Electronic Chart Display And Information Systems (ECDIS) | p. 463 |
| ECDIS for VTS | p. 467 |
| Cost Analysis and Implementation Planning | |
| Cost Methodology | p. 469 |
| Investment Costs | p. 470 |
| Operational and Maintenance Costs | p. 472 |
| Total Cost | p. 474 |
| Reliability and Availability | p. 474 |
| Implementation Planning | p. 479 |
| Implementation Strategy | p. 479 |
| Principles of Implementation | p. 481 |
| References | p. 483 |
| Index | p. 485 |
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