| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The primate order | p. 1 |
| Ape and monkey bias | p. 11 |
| Evolution before natural selection | p. 13 |
| 1858-1859: The advent of natural selection theory | p. 15 |
| Essentialism versus population-thinking | p. 20 |
| 1863: Thomas Henry Huxley and the place of humans in nature | p. 22 |
| A brief history of primatology and human evolution | p. 26 |
| Introduction | p. 26 |
| Antiquity and the Middle Ages | p. 30 |
| The Renaissance to the late eighteenth century | p. 32 |
| The nineteenth century | p. 36 |
| The early twentieth century | p. 37 |
| The "new" physical anthropology | p. 43 |
| 1959 - annus mirabilis | p. 44 |
| The baboon renaissance | p. 50 |
| Sociobiology and behavioral ecology | p. 53 |
| The catarrhine fossil record | p. 56 |
| The geological time scale | p. 56 |
| Major features of primate evolution | p. 56 |
| The shape and pattern of primate evolution | p. 57 |
| The early catarrhine primates | p. 62 |
| Hominoid systematics | p. 64 |
| The Miocene hominoid radiation | p. 65 |
| Community structure and competition between primate species | p. 70 |
| The end of the hominoid radiation and the rise of the cercopithecoids | p. 73 |
| Climate change in the late Miocene and the first hominids | p. 76 |
| Primate speciation and extinction | p. 81 |
| Primate speciation and extinction in the geological past | p. 81 |
| Speciation in modern primates | p. 86 |
| Extinction in modern primates | p. 94 |
| Anatomical primatology | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| Phylogeny and cladistic methodology | p. 107 |
| Adaptation and the "adaptationist program" | p. 115 |
| Studying adaptation | p. 117 |
| The functional morphology of fossil species | p. 119 |
| Ontogeny and anatomical genomics | p. 124 |
| Phenotypic variability | p. 126 |
| Captive studies of non-human primates | p. 128 |
| Introduction | p. 128 |
| The influence of captivity on behavior | p. 128 |
| Harry Harlow's research | p. 130 |
| An inventory of abnormal captive behaviors | p. 130 |
| Biomedical primatology | p. 137 |
| What can non-human primate anatomy, physiology, and development reveal about human evolution? | p. 141 |
| The catarrhine substrate | p. 141 |
| Natural history intelligence and human evolution | p. 146 |
| Introduction | p. 146 |
| Ideas on the origins of hominid intelligence | p. 150 |
| Hominid attention to natural history | p. 155 |
| Animal behavior and artificial intelligence | p. 157 |
| Natural history intelligence | p. 159 |
| Problems with the social cognition model | p. 163 |
| Further primatological evidence against social cognition as a generator of intelligence | p. 167 |
| Brain mechanisms underlying natural history intelligence | p. 171 |
| Other tests of the social cognition theory | p. 179 |
| Natural history intelligence over the course of human evolution | p. 180 |
| Conclusions | p. 182 |
| Why be social? - the advantages and disadvantages of social life | p. 185 |
| Why be social? | p. 185 |
| How to become social | p. 188 |
| Explanations of primate social complexity | p. 194 |
| What is the catarrhine substrate for sociality? | p. 194 |
| Evolution and behavior | p. 196 |
| Proximate and ultimate factors in behavioral evolution | p. 196 |
| Factors limiting population size | p. 197 |
| Diet and foraging behavior | p. 198 |
| Cultural traditions | p. 199 |
| Phylogenetic inertia and phylogenetic constraint | p. 201 |
| The implications of body size for evolutionary ecology | p. 203 |
| Introduction | p. 203 |
| Measuring body size in fossil species | p. 208 |
| Body size and paleocommunity reconstructions | p. 209 |
| Body size and behavior | p. 213 |
| The all-too-familiar use of sexual dimorphism to infer sociality in fossil species | p. 215 |
| Reversible body size changes in individuals | p. 218 |
| Size and shape changes: adaptation and plasticity | p. 220 |
| Population-level differences in body size | p. 231 |
| What can be inferred from body size in fossil species? | p. 236 |
| The sweating response, body shape, and heat adaptation | p. 239 |
| The evolution of body size in primates | p. 245 |
| Conclusions | p. 248 |
| The nature of the fossil record | p. 252 |
| Does the fossil record faithfully record past events? | p. 252 |
| Decimation and recovery from extinction | p. 259 |
| Rates of evolutionary change | p. 262 |
| Time-averaging | p. 265 |
| Taphonomy and experimental studies | p. 266 |
| The bipedal breakthrough | p. 271 |
| Introduction | p. 271 |
| Ape models for bipedal origins | p. 271 |
| Behavior and morphology | p. 276 |
| Bipedal efficiency | p. 277 |
| Paleoenvironment | p. 280 |
| Bipedal origins | p. 280 |
| Lessons from Oreopithecus | p. 288 |
| A mixture of morphologies | p. 290 |
| The hominid radiation | p. 292 |
| The earliest hominids | p. 292 |
| Plio-Pleistocene hominids | p. 293 |
| The single-species hypothesis | p. 293 |
| Sympatry and multiple hominid niches | p. 298 |
| Sexual dimorphism and niche structure | p. 303 |
| The origin of genus Homo | p. 305 |
| Hominid dispersion from sub-Saharan Africa | p. 306 |
| Asian ape-men: Early ideas about hominid origins in Asia | p. 306 |
| The origins of anatomically modern humans | p. 308 |
| Genetic variation in modern humans | p. 310 |
| Modeling human evolution | p. 311 |
| Baboon models | p. 311 |
| Referential and conceptual models | p. 313 |
| A "composite mammal" model | p. 314 |
| Archeological evidence and models of human evolution | p. 317 |
| Human antiquity | p. 317 |
| Recognition that the archeological record is not coeval with the human paleontological record | p. 321 |
| Bone modification and inferences of hominid behavior | p. 329 |
| Climatic events and the archeological record | p. 331 |
| "Man the Hunter" and the new physical anthropology | p. 333 |
| Food, food-sharing, and division of labor | p. 336 |
| Pair-bonding | p. 340 |
| Taphonomy and the nature of "sites" | p. 343 |
| The hominization process | p. 344 |
| What does evolutionary anthropology reveal about human evolution? | p. 351 |
| Phenotypic change and "contemporary evolution" | p. 351 |
| Body size and shape changes | p. 353 |
| What factors are responsible for the origin of generalized species? | p. 361 |
| Tool behavior and technology | p. 366 |
| Language | p. 369 |
| Early hominid sociality | p. 371 |
| Final thoughts on primate and human evolution | p. 382 |
| Speciation, extinction, and other evolutionary processes | p. 382 |
| Terrestrial life and bipedality | p. 384 |
| Tool behavior | p. 385 |
| Intelligence | p. 386 |
| Complex sociality | p. 387 |
| References | p. 389 |
| Index | p. 452 |
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