| List of boxes | p. viii |
| List of tables | p. x |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The growth and extent of group activity | p. 2 |
| The proliferation of groups | p. 3 |
| Some matters of definition | p. 6 |
| Movements | p. 7 |
| Political parties and pressure groups | p. 10 |
| Why groups matter | p. 13 |
| Studying pressure groups: theoretical perspectives on group power | p. 14 |
| Classifying Pressure Groups | p. 28 |
| Opening observations | p. 29 |
| The sectoral approach | p. 29 |
| Protective and promotional groups | p. 30 |
| Insider and outsider groups | p. 33 |
| Summary | p. 41 |
| How Pressure Groups Operate | p. 44 |
| Groups and the access points they employ | p. 45 |
| The traditional outlets used by pressure groups | p. 46 |
| Alternative outlets | p. 57 |
| Summary | p. 62 |
| Pressure Group Resources and Success | p. 66 |
| Determinants of group influence across the world | p. 67 |
| The determinants of group effectiveness in Britain | p. 68 |
| Key factors in group influence | p. 70 |
| Group resources | p. 70 |
| Group access to and contacts with decision-makers | p. 78 |
| The political circumstances and climate | p. 81 |
| Trends in Group Activity since 1979 | p. 86 |
| The explosion of group activity | p. 87 |
| Pressure groups under the Conservatives, 1979-97: a changing scene | p. 90 |
| The 1997 Labour government and group activity | p. 92 |
| Developments and trends in the British Green Movement since 1979: a case study | p. 98 |
| Protest Politics and Direct Action | p. 110 |
| The meaning of direct action | p. 111 |
| The growing popularity of direct action | p. 113 |
| Direct action in practice: some case studies | p. 119 |
| Recent trends reviewed | p. 126 |
| Is direct action legitimate in a democracy? | p. 128 |
| Pressure Groups and the Devolved Legislatures | p. 135 |
| General considerations | p. 136 |
| The growth of group activity in Scotland since devolution | p. 136 |
| A new style of Scottish government: consensus and consultation | p. 138 |
| The Scottish Civic Forum | p. 143 |
| Consultation with the Scottish Executive in practice | p. 144 |
| The reactions of different categories of Scottish pressure groups | p. 147 |
| Case studies: the experience of two influential Scottish pressure groups | p. 149 |
| Criticisms of group activity in Scotland | p. 152 |
| Assessment of group activity in Scotland | p. 154 |
| Pressure groups and the Welsh National Assembly | p. 158 |
| Pressure groups in Northern Ireland | p. 160 |
| Lobbying the European Union | p. 166 |
| Why pressure groups lobby in the European Union | p. 167 |
| Why the amount of lobbying has increased in recent years | p. 171 |
| How pressure groups lobby in the European Union and the institutions they target | p. 173 |
| Recent trends in European Union lobbying | p. 177 |
| The findings of a 1993 questionnaire | p. 179 |
| The findings of a 2004 update | p. 180 |
| Conclusion | p. 182 |
| The Abolition of Hunting with Dogs: an English, Welsh and Scottish Case Study | p. 187 |
| Introduction | p. 188 |
| The campaign to end hunting with dogs in England and Wales | p. 188 |
| The pressure groups involved on either side of the dispute and the methods employed | p. 192 |
| The campaign to end hunting with dogs in Scotland | p. 198 |
| Conclusion | p. 202 |
| Pressure Groups and Democracy | p. 206 |
| Assessing group activity | p. 207 |
| The case against pressure groups: how they undermine democracy | p. 208 |
| The case for pressure groups: how they sustain and enhance democracy | p. 215 |
| Conclusion | p. 218 |
| References | p. 223 |
| Index | p. 230 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |