Power Systems

1.INTRODUCTION 2.FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 2.1.Structure of an Electrical Power System2.2.Power System Stability 2.3.Why Power System Instability situations occur? 2.4.Disturbances 2.4.1. Effects of the Disturbances on the Power System 2.4.1.1.Effects on power system due to Generation Unit failures 2.4.1.2.Effect on PS due to Transmission line outages 2.5.Reliability of a power system 2.6.Quality of a power system 2.6.1.Addressing instability situations due to perturbations in the power system 2.6.2.Classification of Power System Dynamics 2.6.3 Process for Generation-Load Balance 2.6.1.Primary control (is by Governors) 2.6.2.Secondary control (is by Automatic Generation Controls) 2.6.2.1.Governor Control System 2.6.2.2.Interconnected Operations 2.6.3.Tertiary control 2.6.4.Time control 2.6.4.1.Area Control Error (ACE) 2.6.4.2.Time Error 2.7.Under-frequency Load shedding 3.MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE POWER SYSTEM 3.1.Power System Components 3.2.Configuring Power System Components / Mathematical Modeling 3.2.1.Transmission Lines 3.2.1.1.Conductor types available in the Power System 3.2.1.2.Sample Calculation 3.2.1.3.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.2. Under-ground Cables 3.2.2.1.Cable types available in the Power System 3.2.2.2.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.3. Transformers 3.2.3.1.Transformer types available in the Power System 3.2.3.2.Sample Calculation 3.2.3.3.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.4. Generators 3.2.4.1.Generator types used in modeling the Power System 3.2.4.2.Simplified Schematic Diagram and corresponding control System 3.2.4.3.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.4.4.Sample Calculation 3.2.5. Exciters 3.2.5.1.Exciter types used in modeling the Power System 3.2.5.2.Simplified Schematic Diagram and corresponding control System 3.2.5.3.Sample Calculation 3.2.5.4.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.6. Turbines 3.2.6.1.Turbine types used in modeling the Power System 3.2.6.2.Steam turbines 3.2.6.3.Simplified Schematic Diagram and corresponding control System of Steam turbine3.2.6.4.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.6.5.Hydro turbines 3.2.6.6.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.2.7. Governors 3.2.7.1.Governor types used in modeling the Power System 3.2.7.2.Simplified Schematic Diagram and corresponding control System 3.2.7.3.Values Used with PSCAD window 3.3.Control system of the overall Power System 3.3.1.LS Logic1 control system module 3.3.2.U_Frequency control system module 3.3.3.Add_Ld control system module 3.4.Verifying the simulation model performance 3.4.1.Steady state operation 3.4.2.Generator tripping/ Sudden generation deficit situation 4.POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND CONTROL 4.1.Identification of Parameters 4.1.1.Power System regulations and Practice of Sri Lanka 4.1.2.Identifying Settling Frequency 4.1.3.Deciding the number of steps in the Load Shedding Scheme 4.1.4.First step of Load Shedding Scheme 4.1.5.Identifying when to implement Load shedding based on rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)4.1.6.Delay time 4.1.7.Ahsans' scheme as a pilot model [56] 4.1.8.Proposed Methodology 4.1.8.1.Load Shedding Scheme - I (Based on prevailing facilities available with the CEB)4.1.8.2.Load Shedding Scheme - II (Based on Disintegration of the Power System) 5.COMPUTER NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 5.1.Discussion: Load Shedding Scheme - I with generation deficit of 829.6 MW 5.2.Discussion: Load Shedding Scheme - II with generation deficit of 495.14 MW 5.2.1.Performance of the national grid: 5.2.2.Performance of Island Rantembe: 5.2.3.Performance of Island Matugama 5.2.4.Performance of Island Embilipitiya 5.2.5.Performance of Island Kiribathkumbura 5.3.Performance comparison on selected Load Shedding Schemes (LSS) REFERENCES APPENDICES APPENDIX - I APPENDIX - II APPENDIX - III APPENDIX - IV APPENDIX - V APPENDIX - VI