| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgements | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Electric Power Quality | p. 3 |
| Impacts of Power Quality Problems on End Users | p. 4 |
| Power Quality Standards | p. 6 |
| Power Quality Monitoring | p. 7 |
| Power Electronic Applications in Power Transmission Systems | p. 8 |
| HVDC Transmission | p. 8 |
| HVDC Light | p. 9 |
| Static Var Compensator (SVC) | p. 10 |
| Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) | p. 12 |
| Static Compensator (STATCOM) | p. 14 |
| Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) | p. 16 |
| Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) | p. 16 |
| Other FACTS Devices | p. 17 |
| Power Electronic Applications in Power Distribution Systems | p. 18 |
| Distributed Generation | p. 22 |
| References | p. 23 |
| Characterization of Electric Power Quality | p. 27 |
| Power Quality Terms and Definitions | p. 29 |
| Transients | p. 29 |
| Short Duration Voltage Variations | p. 33 |
| Long Duration Voltage variations | p. 35 |
| Voltage Imbalance | p. 36 |
| Waveform Distortion | p. 36 |
| Voltage Fluctuations | p. 39 |
| Power Frequency Variations | p. 39 |
| Power Acceptability Curves | p. 39 |
| Power Quality Problems | p. 40 |
| Poor Load Power Factor | p. 41 |
| Loads Containing Harmonics | p. 42 |
| Notching in Load Voltage | p. 45 |
| DC Offset in Loads | p. 45 |
| Unbalanced Loads | p. 46 |
| Disturbance in Supply Voltage | p. 52 |
| Conclusions | p. 53 |
| References | p. 54 |
| Analysis and Conventional Mitigation Methods | p. 55 |
| Analysis of Power Outages | p. 55 |
| Analysis of Unbalance | p. 60 |
| Symmetrical Components of Phasor Quantities | p. 60 |
| Instantaneous Symmetrical Components | p. 64 |
| Instantaneous Real and Reactive Powers | p. 67 |
| Analysis of Distortion | p. 72 |
| On-line Extraction of Fundamental Sequence Components from Measured Samples | p. 76 |
| Harmonic Indices | p. 84 |
| Analysis of Voltage Sag | p. 86 |
| Detroit Edison Sag Score | p. 88 |
| Voltage Sag Energy | p. 88 |
| Voltage Sag Lost Energy Index (VSLEI) | p. 88 |
| Analysis of Voltage Flicker | p. 90 |
| Reduced Duration and Customer Impact of Outages | p. 92 |
| Classical Load Balancing Problem | p. 93 |
| Open-Loop Balancing | p. 94 |
| Closed-Loop balancing | p. 98 |
| Current Balancing | p. 102 |
| Harmonic Reduction | p. 104 |
| Voltage Sag or Dip Reduction | p. 108 |
| Conclusions | p. 110 |
| References | p. 111 |
| Custom Power Devices: An Introduction | p. 113 |
| Utility-Customer Interface | p. 114 |
| Introduction to Custom Power Devices | p. 116 |
| Network Reconfiguring Devices | p. 117 |
| Load Compensation using DSTATCOM | p. 121 |
| Voltage Regulation using DSTATCOM | p. 126 |
| Protecting Sensitive Loads using DVR | p. 127 |
| Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) | p. 130 |
| Custom Power Park | p. 131 |
| Status of Application of CP Devices | p. 134 |
| Conclusions | p. 136 |
| References | p. 136 |
| Structure and Control of Power Converters | p. 137 |
| Inverter Topology | p. 138 |
| Single-Phase H-Bridge Inverter | p. 138 |
| Three-Phase Inverter | p. 143 |
| Hard-Switched Versus Soft-Switched | p. 146 |
| High Voltage Inverters | p. 153 |
| Combining Inverters for Increased Power and Voltage | p. 154 |
| Multi-Step Inverter | p. 155 |
| Multilevel Inverter | p. 162 |
| Chain Converter | p. 167 |
| Open-Loop Voltage Control | p. 169 |
| Sinusoidal PWM for H-Bridge Inverter | p. 169 |
| Sinusoidal PWM for three-phase Inverter | p. 174 |
| SPWM in Multilevel Inverter | p. 175 |
| Space Vector Modulation | p. 178 |
| Other Modulation Techniques | p. 180 |
| Closed-Loop Switching Control | p. 182 |
| Closed-Loop Modulation | p. 182 |
| Stability of Switching Control | p. 183 |
| Sampled Error Control | p. 185 |
| Hysteresis Control | p. 187 |
| Second and Higher Order Systems | p. 188 |
| Sliding Mode Controller | p. 192 |
| Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) | p. 193 |
| Tracking Controller Convergence | p. 195 |
| Condition for Tracking Reference Convergence | p. 198 |
| Deadbeat Controller | p. 200 |
| Pole Shift Controller | p. 202 |
| Sequential Linear Quadratic Regulator (SLQR) | p. 203 |
| Conclusions | p. 210 |
| References | p. 212 |
| Solid State Limiting, Breaking and Transferring Devices | p. 215 |
| Solid State Current Limiter | p. 216 |
| Current Limiter Topology | p. 216 |
| Current Limiter Operating Principle | p. 217 |
| Solid State Breaker (SSB) | p. 220 |
| Issues in Limiting and Switching Operations | p. 223 |
| Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS) | p. 225 |
| Sag/Swell Detection Algorithms | p. 232 |
| Algorithm Based on Symmetrical Components | p. 232 |
| Algorithm Based on Two-Axis Transformation | p. 233 |
| Algorithm Based on Instantaneous Symmetrical Components | p. 234 |
| Conclusions | p. 238 |
| References | p. 239 |
| Load Compensation using DSTATCOM | p. 241 |
| Compensating Single-Phase Loads | p. 242 |
| Ideal Three-Phase Shunt Compensator Structure | p. 245 |
| Generating Reference Currents using Instantaneous PQ Theory | p. 249 |
| Generating Reference Currents using Instantaneous Symmetrical Components | p. 259 |
| Compensating Star Connected Loads | p. 260 |
| Compensating Delta Connected Loads | p. 265 |
| General Algorithm for Generating Reference Currents | p. 268 |
| Various Compensation Schemes and Their Characteristics Based on the General Algorithm | p. 269 |
| Discussion of Results | p. 270 |
| Generating Reference Currents when the Source is Unbalanced | p. 276 |
| Compensating to Equal Resistance | p. 278 |
| Compensating to Equal Source Currents | p. 280 |
| Compensating to Equal Average Power | p. 282 |
| Conclusions | p. 285 |
| References | p. 285 |
| Realization and Control of DSTATCOM | p. 287 |
| DSTATCOM Structure | p. 288 |
| Control of DSTATCOM Connected to a Stiff Source | p. 291 |
| DSTATCOM Connected to Weak Supply point | p. 296 |
| DSTATCOM Structure for Weak Supply Point Connection | p. 299 |
| Switching Control of DSTATCOM | p. 302 |
| DC Capacitor Control | p. 308 |
| DSTATCOM Current Control through Phasors | p. 310 |
| Case-1: When Both Load and Source are Unbalanced | p. 311 |
| Case-2: When Both Load and Source are Unbalanced and Load Contains Harmonics | p. 313 |
| Case-3: Both Load and Source are Unbalanced and Distorted | p. 314 |
| DC Capacitor Control | p. 319 |
| DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode | p. 321 |
| State Feedback Control of DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode | p. 322 |
| Output Feedback Control of DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode | p. 327 |
| Conclusions | p. 330 |
| References | p. 330 |
| Series Compensation of Power Distribution System | p. 333 |
| Rectifier Supported DVR | p. 335 |
| DC Capacitor Supported DVR | p. 340 |
| Fundamental Frequency Series Compensator Characteristics | p. 341 |
| Transient Operation of Series Compensator when the Supply is Balanced | p. 346 |
| Transient Operation when the Supply is Unbalanced or Distorted | p. 348 |
| Series Compensator Rating | p. 350 |
| An Alternate Strategy Based on Instantaneous Symmetrical Components | p. 355 |
| DVR Structure | p. 359 |
| Output Feedback Control of DVR | p. 360 |
| State Feedback Control of DVR | p. 365 |
| Voltage Restoration | p. 370 |
| Series Active Filter | p. 372 |
| Conclusions | p. 376 |
| References | p. 376 |
| Unified Power Quality Conditioner | p. 379 |
| UPQC Configurations | p. 380 |
| Right-Shunt UPQC Characteristics | p. 381 |
| Left-Shunt UPQC Characteristics | p. 388 |
| Structure and Control of Right-Shunt UPQC | p. 391 |
| Right-shunt UPQC Structure | p. 391 |
| Right-Shunt UPQC Control | p. 392 |
| Harmonic Elimination using Right-Shunt UPQC | p. 398 |
| Structure and Control of Left-Shunt UPQC | p. 401 |
| Left-Shunt UPQC Structure | p. 401 |
| Left-Shunt UPQC Control | p. 402 |
| Conclusions | p. 405 |
| References | p. 406 |
| Distributed Generation and Grid Interconnection | p. 407 |
| Distributed Generation--Connection Requirements and Impacts on the Network | p. 407 |
| Standards for Grid Connection | p. 408 |
| Key Requirements in Standards | p. 408 |
| Grid Friendly Inverters | p. 409 |
| Angle Stability for Inverters | p. 410 |
| Issues for Distributed Generation | p. 410 |
| Interaction and Optimal Location of DG | p. 411 |
| EigenAnalysis and Voltage Interaction | p. 411 |
| Simulation Results of EigenAnalysis and Voltage Interaction | p. 415 |
| Power Quality in DG | p. 417 |
| Mitigation of Voltage Dip during Motor Start | p. 417 |
| Harmonic Effects with DG | p. 419 |
| Voltage Flicker and Voltage Fluctuation | p. 421 |
| Islanding Issues | p. 422 |
| Anti-Islanding Protection | p. 422 |
| Vector Shift | p. 423 |
| Dedicated Islanding Operation | p. 423 |
| Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) | p. 424 |
| Distribution Line Compensation | p. 425 |
| Line Voltage Sensitivity | p. 425 |
| Case-1: Heavy Load | p. 426 |
| Case-2: Light Load | p. 435 |
| Real Generation | p. 435 |
| Protection Issues for Distributed Generation | p. 435 |
| Technologies for Disributed Generation | p. 437 |
| Power Quality Impact from Different DG Types | p. 437 |
| Conclusions | p. 441 |
| References | p. 441 |
| Future Directions and Opportunities for Power Quality Enhancement | p. 443 |
| Power Quality Sensitivity | p. 443 |
| Costs of Power Quality | p. 444 |
| Mitigation of Power Quality Impacts from Sags | p. 446 |
| Utility Based Versus Customer Based Correction | p. 447 |
| Dips and Outages | p. 448 |
| Harmonic, Flicker and Voltage Spikes | p. 449 |
| Power Quality Contribution to the Network from Customer Owned Equipment | p. 450 |
| Issues | p. 450 |
| Addressing the Barriers to Customer Owned Grid Friendly Inverters | p. 451 |
| Interconnection Standards | p. 451 |
| Power Quality Performance Requirements and Validation | p. 452 |
| Commercial Customers | p. 452 |
| Regulator Requirements | p. 452 |
| An Example | p. 453 |
| Shape of Energy Delivery | p. 454 |
| Role of Compensators in Future Energy Delivery | p. 455 |
| Conclusions | p. 456 |
| References | p. 456 |
| Index | p. 457 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |