Pneumatic Drives

System Design, Modelling and Control

By: Peter Beater

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Hardcover | 5 February 2007

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Hardcover
340 Pages

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23.5 x 15.5 x 2.54

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The idea to use air for transmitting power is very old. Ctesibius in - cient Greece described a catapult using pneumatic cylinders to first store energy and then rapidly accelerate an arrow. Heron of Alexandria dev- oped automatic temple doors which opened and closed by means of hot air. And from the Greek word for breath he coined the term that was used as title for his book and today describes a whole industry: - pneumatics. Pneumatic components and systems have become an important topic for textbooks. Most have their focus on the description of the steady-state - haviour, practical problems like troubleshooting or Boolean algebra to help designing control algorithms. Only a few textbooks covering the theore- cal analysis and design of pneumatic systems have been published (Z- manzon et al. 1965; Andersen 1967; Andersson et al. 1975). But they were written at a time when digital computers were not easily available to en- neers and therefore contain few material about modelling and simulation. This book tries to bridge the gap between scientific disciplines (fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, mathematics, control, etc.), the conventional approach to describe pneumatic components and systems by their stea- state behaviour, the wish of a design engineer to test his design before - tually building hardware and the resulting need for mathematical models in order to use today's powerful digital computers.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Mechanical Engineering Materials Science Mechanics of Fluids Hydraulics & Pneumatics Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Automatic Control Engineering Technology in General Technical Design

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Paperback

Published: 15th October 2010

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Introduction	p. 1
Properties of Compressed Air	p. 5
Mathematical Model of Air	p. 6
Atmospheric Air	p. 8
Definitions Related to Compressed Air	p. 9
Thermodynamic Processes	p. 11
Constant Volume Processes	p. 11
Constant Pressure Processes	p. 13
Constant Temperature Processes	p. 18
Reversible Processes without Heat Transfer	p. 18
Polytropic Processes	p. 20
General Processes	p. 22
Sonic Velocity	p. 23
Some Results from Fluid Mechanics	p. 25
Viscosity	p. 26
Continuity Equation	p. 27
Free Discharge from Nozzles	p. 28
Orifice Flow	p. 32
Incompressible Flow	p. 32
Compressible Flow	p. 34
Frictional Flow	p. 36
Engineering Flow Rate Calculations	p. 41
Mathematical Flow Rate Model	p. 41
Flow Rate Characteristics of Restrictions	p. 48
Simplified Flow Calculations	p. 49
Flow Capacity Specifications in Data Sheets	p. 50
Modelling of Long Lines	p. 55
Steady-State Losses of Long Lines	p. 55
Fluid Mechanics Model	p. 57
Empirical Models	p. 58
Test Results	p. 59
Steady-State Losses of Fittings	p. 62
Time Domain Models	p. 65
Derivation of Time Domain Model	p. 65
Test Results in the Time Domain	p. 69
Frequency Domain Models	p. 76
Electro-Mechanical Converters	p. 81
Solenoids	p. 81
Switching Solenoids	p. 83
Proportional Solenoids	p. 85
Pulse-Width Modulation	p. 86
Voice Coil and Plunger Type Systems	p. 93
Piezoelectric Actuators	p. 94
Stack Translators	p. 94
Benders	p. 94
Piezoelectric Elements in Pneumatic Valves	p. 95
Cylinders	p. 99
Stroke Cushioning	p. 102
Mathematical Model	p. 112
Cylinder Parameters	p. 116
Seal Friction	p. 116
Cylinder Leakage	p. 122
Coefficient of Heat Transfer	p. 123
Non-Standard Linear Actuators	p. 127
Multi-Position and Tandem Cylinders	p. 127
Rodless Cylinders	p. 130
Split-Seal or Slot Type	p. 130
Cable Type	p. 132
Magnetic Type	p. 132
Bellows	p. 133
Rolling-Diaphragm Cylinders	p. 137
Brake Chambers	p. 139
Muscle Actuators	p. 140
Impact and Knocking Cylinders	p. 142
Semi-Rotary Actuators	p. 145
Cylinder Based Actuators	p. 145
Vane Type Actuators	p. 148
Air Motors and Air Turbines	p. 151
Vane Motors	p. 153
Principle of Operation of Vane Motors	p. 154
Mathematical Model	p. 156
Speed Control	p. 164
Air Turbines	p. 168
Directional Control Valves	p. 171
Design of Directional Control Valves	p. 173
Operation of Directional Control Valves	p. 175
Simulation Model of Directional Control Valves	p. 181
Shut-Off Valves	p. 185
Non-Return Valves	p. 185
Non-Return Valves with Override	p. 188
Shuttle Valves	p. 189
Twin Pressure Valves	p. 190
Quick Exhaust Valves	p. 191
Pressure Control Valves	p. 193
Spring Controlled Pressure Regulators	p. 193
Design of Direct Acting Valves	p. 196
Simulation Model of a Pressure Reducing Valves	p. 199
Linear model	p. 202
Non-Linear Effects	p. 203
Design of Pilot Operated Valves	p. 205
Electrically Operated Pressure Regulators	p. 207
Pressure Regulators with Closed-Loop Control	p. 209
Reports about Commercial Valves	p. 212
Pressure Relief Valves	p. 212
Soft-Start Valves	p. 213
Flow Control Valves	p. 215
Throttling Valve	p. 215
One-Way Flow Control Valve	p. 216
Delay Valve	p. 217
Automatic Shut-Off Valves	p. 218
Proportional Directional Control Valves	p. 221
Design of Proportional Directional Control Valves	p. 222
Operation of Proportional Directional Control Valves	p. 224
Simulation Model of Proportional Control Valves	p. 230
Reports about Experimental and Commercial Valves	p. 232
Stroke-Time Control	p. 235
Circuits using Quick Exhaust Valves	p. 237
Meter-Out Control	p. 239
Meter-In Control	p. 241
Circuits using Two Pressures	p. 242
Oil Cushioning	p. 244
Position Control of Pneumatic Systems	p. 247
Mathematical Model for Control System Design	p. 249
Model of Control Valves	p. 250
Pressure Dynamics	p. 253
Equation of Motion	p. 256
Control Laws	p. 258
Single Loop Controllers	p. 259
Additional Loops	p. 260
State Feedback Control	p. 260
Reconstruction of the Velocity and Acceleration Signal	p. 263
Non-Linear Control Laws	p. 263
Performance of a Commercial System	p. 265
Control of Actuators for Process Valves	p. 269
Characteristics of Process Control Systems	p. 271
Positioners	p. 273
Pneumatic Positioners	p. 275
Analogue Electro-Pneumatic Positioners	p. 276
Digital Positioners	p. 277
Digital Simulation	p. 281
Modelling Approaches	p. 282
Principles of Object-Oriented Modelling	p. 286
The Object-Oriented Modelling Language Modelica	p. 288
Fluid Power Libraries in Modelica	p. 289
Examples of Library Models	p. 290
Complex Component Model of the Pneumatic Library	p. 292
Library Solution for Example	p. 293
Multi-Domain Models	p. 294
References	p. 297
Index	p. 319
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Pneumatic Drives

System Design, Modelling and Control

At a Glance

Hardcover

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