Pixel Detectors

From Fundamentals to Applications

By: Leonardo Rossi, Peter Fischer, Tilman Rohe

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Hardcover | 18 January 2006

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Hardcover
318 Pages

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24.13 x 15.24 x 1.27

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Pixel detectors are a particularly important class of particle and radiation detection devices. They have an extremely broad spectrum of applications, ranging from high-energy physics to the photo cameras of everyday life. This book is a general purpose introduction into the fundamental principles of pixel detector technology and semiconductor-based hybrid pixel devices. Although these devices were developed for high-energy ionizing particles and radiation beyond visible light, they are finding new applications in many other areas. This book will therefore benefit all scientists and engineers working in any laboratory involved in developing or using particle detection.

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Introduction	p. 1
Generalities on Pixel Detectors	p. 1
Motivations for Pixel Detectors in Particle Physics	p. 2
Working Principle and Operating Characteristics of Segmented Silicon Detectors	p. 5
Hybrid Pixel Detectors	p. 9
Monolithic Pixel Detectors	p. 12
Evolution of Pixel Detectors in Particle Physics	p. 13
The First Pixel Detectors and Their Use in Experiments	p. 16
Other Applications	p. 23
The Sensor	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Device Physics and Fundamental Sensor Properties	p. 26
Carrier Concentration	p. 26
Charge Generation and Recombination in Silicon	p. 29
Transport of Charge Carriers	p. 37
The pn-Junction	p. 40
Surface Barrier	p. 44
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Structure	p. 46
Punch Through	p. 48
Pixel Sensors and Their Properties	p. 50
Different Types of Silicon Sensors	p. 50
Leakage Current and Maximum Operation Voltage	p. 51
Full Depletion Voltage and Substrate Doping	p. 53
Pixel Capacitance	p. 57
Charge Motion and Signal Formation	p. 59
Spatial Resolution	p. 61
Radiation Hardness	p. 67
Radiation-Induced Effects on Silicon	p. 68
Bulk Damage	p. 68
Surface Effects	p. 80
Sensor Concepts	p. 81
Overview of Sensor Types	p. 82
p[superscript +] in n: Low-Cost Solution for Applications in a Low- or Medium-Radiation Environment	p. 85
n[superscript +] in n: Solution for Applications in a High-Radiation Environment	p. 97
Processing of Silicon Wafers	p. 110
Production and Cleaning of Silicon	p. 111
Thermal Oxidation	p. 113
Layer Deposition	p. 113
Photolithographic Steps	p. 114
Etching	p. 115
Doping	p. 116
Metallization	p. 118
Example of a Process Sequence	p. 118
Detector Materials Other Than Silicon	p. 121
Gallium Arsenide	p. 122
CdTe and CdZnTe	p. 124
Diamond	p. 125
The Front-End Electronics	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Generic Pixel Chip	p. 130
Simple Sensor Model	p. 133
Generic PUC	p. 135
Module Controller Chips	p. 143
Design Aspects	p. 144
Typical Specifications	p. 145
Radiation-Tolerant Design	p. 154
Cross Talk	p. 157
Testability and Ease of Operation	p. 160
Analog Signal Processing	p. 161
Charge Amplification	p. 162
Feedback and Leakage Compensation	p. 163
Hit Discrimination	p. 168
Threshold Trim	p. 170
Noise in a Simple FET Amplifier	p. 171
Noise in Charge Amplifier/Shaper Combination	p. 178
FET Preamplifer	p. 183
Bipolar Amplifier	p. 184
Summary	p. 186
Readout Architectures	p. 187
Chips Without Data Buffering	p. 188
Chips with Zero Suppression and Data Buffering	p. 188
Counting Chips	p. 197
Integration and System Aspects	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Modules	p. 202
Bump Bonding	p. 203
Solder Bumping and Bonding Process	p. 204
Indium Bump-Bonding Process	p. 206
Gold-Stud Bump-Bonding Process	p. 210
Quality Control of Bump-Bonded Assemblies	p. 212
Rework of Bump-Bonded Assemblies	p. 213
Thinning of Electronics Wafers	p. 214
"Dressing" the Modules	p. 214
Flex Hybrid	p. 215
Multichip Module Deposited	p. 216
Support Mechanics and Cooling	p. 218
Mechanical Supports	p. 219
Cooling	p. 220
Power and Signal Interconnect in High-Luminosity Colliders	p. 222
Operation in High-Radiation Environment	p. 223
Pixel Detector Applications	p. 225
Pixel Detectors for High-Luminosity Collider Experiments	p. 225
Large Systems in Construction	p. 231
ATLAS	p. 232
CMS	p. 237
ALICE	p. 241
BTeV	p. 243
Pixel Detectors for Imaging Applications	p. 246
Pixel Imaging Systems in Operation	p. 250
Counting Pixels for Radiography	p. 251
Pixel Detectors for Protein Crystallography with Synchrotron Radiation	p. 254
Autoradiography with Pixel Detectors	p. 256
Trends and New Developments for Pixel Detectors	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Limitations and Prospects of the Hybrid Pixel Technology	p. 262
MCM-D Integration	p. 263
Interleaved Hybrid Pixels	p. 265
Active Edge Three-Dimensional Silicon Pixel Detectors	p. 267
Monolithic and Semimonolithic Pixel Detectors	p. 269
Monolithic Pixels on Bulk Silicon	p. 271
Monolithic CMOS Pixels	p. 272
Monolithic SOI Pixels	p. 276
Amorphous Silicon above CMOS Pixel Electronics	p. 277
DEPFET Pixels	p. 278
Glossary	p. 283
References	p. 289
Index	p. 301
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Pixel Detectors

From Fundamentals to Applications

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Hardcover

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