Neutron Radiography Handbook

1. Principles and Practice of Neutron Radiography.- 1.1 Introduction to Neutron Radiography.- 1.1.1 Historical.- 1.1.2 Basic Concepts.- 1.1.3 Neutron Sources.- 1.1.3.1 Accelerators.- 1.1.3.2 Radioisotopes.- 1.1.3.3 Thermal Nuclear Reactors.- 1.1.3.4 Sub-critical Assemblies.- 1.1.3.5 A Comparison of Neutron Sources.- 1.1.4 Neutron Beam.- 1.1.4.1 Nuclear Cross Sections.- 1.1.4.2 Moderation.- 1.1.4.3 Collimation.- 1.1.5 Neutrons Applied to Radiography.- 1.1.6 Neutron Image Detectors.- 1.1.6.1 Direct Technique.- 1.1.6.2 Transfer Technique.- 1.1.6.3 Dynamic Imaging Methods.- 1.1.7 Image Recorders.- 1.1.7.1 Photographic Film and its Characteristics.- 1.1.7.2 Track-Etch Recorders.- 1.1.8 Film and Foil Relationships.- 1.1.8.1 Film and Foil Speed.- 1.1.8.2 Film and Foil Resolution.- 1.1.8.3 Some Observations on Resolution Sensitivity.- 1.1.9 Neutron Beam Filters.- 1.1.10 Tomography.- 1.2 The Design of Neutron Radiography Equipment.- 1.2.1 The Choice of Neutron Source.- 1.2.2 Collimator.- 1.2.2.1 Collimator Design.- 1.2.2.2 Characteristics of Lining Materials.- 1.2.2.3 Defining of the Inlet Aperture.- 1.2.2.4 Divergence-Angle.- 1.2.2.5 Geometric Enlargement and Diminution.- 1.2.3 Converter Foils.- 1.2.3.1 Characteristics of Foil Materials.- 1.2.3.2 Foil Thickness and Speed.- 1.2.3.3 Film and Foil Resolution.- 1.2.3.4 The Mounting of Foils.- 1.2.3.5 Enrichment of Converter Foils.- 1.3 Applications of Neutron Radiography.- 1.3.1 Nuclear Applications.- 1.3.2 Industrial Applications.- 1.3.3 Biomedical Applications.- 1.3.4 Other Applications.- 1.4 List of Symbols Used.- 1.5 References.- Appendices.- Appendix 1.1 Neutron Radiographic Terminology.- Appendix 1.2 Thermal Neutron Cross Sections of the Elements and Some Materials.- Appendix 1.3 Irradiation and Transfer Times for the Indirect Method.- Appendix 1.4 Resolution of Voids.- Appendix 1.5 The Calculation of the Cross Section of a Compound.- 2. Recommended Practice for the Neutron Radiography of Nuclear Fuel.- 2.1 Applicable Documents.- 2.2 Ordering Information.- 2.3 Equipment.- 2.3.1 General.- 2.3.2 Geometry.- 2.3.3 Neutron Energy.- 2.3.4 Beam Quality.- 2.4 Radiographic Techniques.- 2.4.1 General.- 2.4.2 Set-Up, Marking and Identification.- 2.4.3 Image Converters.- 2.4.4 Image Recorders.- 2.4.5 Cassettes.- 2.4.6 Masking and Backscatter Protection.- 2.4.7 Geometry.- 2.4.8 Density of the Radiograph.- 2.4.9 Contrast.- 2.4.10 Image Quality Indicators.- 2.4.11 Exposure Chart/Techniques Log.- 2.4.12 Track-Etch Techniques.- 2.5 Measurement.- 2.5.1 Definition and Methods.- 2.5.2 The Principles of Radiographic Measurement.- 2.5.3 The Neutron Radiographic Technique.- 2.5.4 Making the Radiograph.- 2.5.5 Making the Measurements.- 2.5.6 Image Enhancement.- 2.6 Safety Precautions.- 2.7 Film Handling.- 2.7.1 Storage of Film.- 2.7.2 Safelight Test.- 2.7.3 Cleanliness and Film Handling.- 2.8 Film Processing.- 2.8.1 General.- 2.8.2 Automatic Processing.- 2.8.3 Manual Processing.- 2.9 Viewing Radiographs.- 2.10 Reference Radiographs.- 2.11 Storage of Radiographs.- 2.12 Records and Reports.- 2.12.1 Records.- 2.12.2 Reports.- 3. NRWG indicators for testing of Beam Purity, Sensitivity, and Accuracy of Dimensions of Neutron Radiographs.- 3.1 The Various Indicators.- 3.1.1 Beam Purity Indicator (BPI).- 3.1.2 Beam Purity Indicator-Fuel (BPI-F).- 3.1.3 Sensitivity Indicator (SI).- 3.1.4 Calibration Fuel Pin (CFP-E1).- 3.2 Assessment of Test Results for the Indicators.- 3.2.1 Assessment for the Beam Purity Indicator (BPI).- 3.2.2 Assessment for the Beam Purity Indicator-Fuel (BPI-F).- 3.2.3 Assessment for the Sensitivity Indicator (SI).- 3.2.4 Assessment for the Calibration Fuel Pin (CFP-E1).- 3.3 References.- 4. Atlas (Compact Version) of Defects Revealed by Neutron Radiography in Light Water Reactor Fuel.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Relevant Notes.- 4.2.1 Fuel Pins.- 4.2.2 Defect.- 4.2.3 Defect Location.- 4.2.4 Defect Nature and Origin.- 4.2.5 Defect Occurrence.- 4.2.6 Defect Intensity.- 4.2.7 Dimensions.- 4.2.8 Measuring of Dimensions.- 4.3 The Collection of the Atlas.- 4.3.1 Contents of the Collection.- 4.3.2 The Use of the Collection.- 4.3.3 The Selection of Characteristic Defects.- 4.4 References.- 5. Neutron Radiography Installations in the European Community. Tables and Figures.- Table 5.1 Neutron Radiography Installations in the European Community Technical Data and Main Utilization.- Table 5.2 Neutron Radiography Installations in the European Community Exposure Techniques.- Table 5.3 Neutron Radiography Installations in the European Community Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis.- Table 5.4 Neutron Radiography Installations in the European Community Future Needs and Requirements.- Figures : Cadarache, LDAC.- Casaccia, TRIGA-RC1.- Fontenay-aux-Roses, Triton.- Geesthacht, FRG 1, FRG 2, 1 kCi Sb-Be.- Grenoble, Melusine, Siloe.- Harwell, DID0 6H, DIDO 6HGR9.- Karlsruhe, FR 2.- Mol, BR 1, BR 2.- Petten (JRC), PSF, HB8.- Petten (ECN), LFR.- Risto, DR 1.- Saclay, OSIRIS, ISIS (2 installations), Orphee.- Valduc, Mirene.