Particles

On the Syntax of Verb-Particle, Triadic and Causative Constructions

By: Marcel den Dikken

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Hardcover | 1 March 1995

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304 Pages

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Particles are words that do not change their form through inflection and do not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech. Examples include the negative particle "not," the infinitival particle "to" (as in "to go"), and do and let in "do tell me" and "let's go." Particles investigates the constraints on the distribution and placement of verbal particles. A proper understanding of these constraints yields insight into the structure of various secondary predicative constructions. Starting out from a detailed analysis of complex particle constructions, den Dikken brings forth accounts of triadic constructions and Dative Shift, and the relationship between dative and transitive causative constructions--all of them built on the basic structural template proposed from complex particle constructions. Drawing on data from Norwegian, English, Dutch, German, West Flemish, and other languages, this book will interest a wide audience of students and specialists.

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Published: 1st March 1995

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Preface	p. vii
Contents	p. ix
Preliminaries	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Some theoretical assumptions	p. 4
A modular theory	p. 4
A conjunctive ECP	p. 5
NP-traces and the ECP	p. 8
Incorporation and the ECP	p. 12
Incorporation, indexation and c-command	p. 17
Uniformity of Theta Assignment	p. 19
Modularity and syntactic word formation	p. 22
Small clauses and subject-predicate relationships	p. 24
Small clauses and abstract syntactic structure	p. 27
Particles	p. 29
Preview	p. 34
The structure of particle constructions	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Complex particle constructions: Preliminaries	p. 35
The clause-final constituent as a SC predicate	p. 36
The particle as a SC head	p. 38
Conclusion	p. 43
The structure of English complex particle constructions	p. 43
Introduction: The theoretical options	p. 43
On Kayne's (1985) analysis of complex particle constructions	p. 46
The alternative	p. 54
The ergativity of the particle	p. 54
The particle-placement differential	p. 55
The ban on clause-final particle placement	p. 61
Extraction of and from the predicate of SC2	p. 61
Further support for the analysis: The Norwegian parallel	p. 65
Conclusion	p. 67
Another possibility?	p. 67
An inventory of complex particle constructions	p. 73
Nominal complex particle constructions	p. 73
Adjectival complex particle constructions	p. 74
Prepositional complex particle constructions	p. 77
To-infinitival complex particle constructions	p. 78
Verbal complex particle constructions	p. 79
On particle recursion	p. 80
On the non-lexical status of particles	p. 81
Simplex particle constructions	p. 86
Word-order alternation: The theoretical options	p. 86
Against extraposition	p. 87
On the locus of particle incorporation	p. 88
On the ergativity of particles	p. 92
Verb-particle idioms	p. 92
An apparent problem	p. 96
On pronouns and word order	p. 100
Particle modification	p. 106
Conclusion	p. 110
Particles and the dative alternation	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Why Larson's analysis of Dative Shift fails: Evidence from triadic verb-particle constructions	p. 112
The predicativity of the dative PP	p. 119
Particle modification and Dative Shift	p. 123
Particle reanalysis: A correlation	p. 124
Why obligatory reanalysis?	p. 125
An empty verb in triadic constructions	p. 126
Decomposition of main verb have	p. 129
The structure of triadic constructions and the analysis of Dative Shift	p. 131
The motivation for movement	p. 133
Case Theory	p. 133
Licensing the empty preposition	p. 134
Triadic constructions lacking a lexical particle	p. 140
An empty verb and an empty particle	p. 140
Word order in Dutch dative constructions	p. 143
Word order in Chinese dative constructions	p. 151
Interim conclusion and road map	p. 155
Transformational Dative Shift and distribution	p. 155
The role played by the (empty) preposition	p. 156
Idioms and affectedness	p. 158
Transformational Dative Shift and incorporation	p. 160
Chinese Dative Shift	p. 160
Triadic serial verbs and V-V compounds	p. 161
Conclusion	p. 165
The with construction	p. 166
Particles revisited	p. 170
On the cross-linguistic distribution of double object particle constructions	p. 170
Particles in unexpected positions	p. 173
On dative PPs with propositional subjects	p. 177
Conclusion	p. 179
Movement and structural ambiguity in double object constructions	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
A'-extraction of the double object Goal: Evidence for an empty preposition	p. 181
Restrictions on Goal movement: Introduction to the problem	p. 181
Overt versus empty operator movement	p. 184
Analysis	p. 186
English topicalisation and relativisation	p. 190
English long wh-extraction	p. 191
English short wh-extraction	p. 193
Heavy NP Shift	p. 195
Summary	p. 197
A'-extraction of the double object Theme: Structural ambiguity in double object constructions	p. 197
The problem	p. 197
Dative Shift and Theme extraction	p. 199
Preliminaries: Structural ambiguity	p. 201
Theme extraction: Analysis	p. 202
Conclusion	p. 206
Raising-to-subject and the double object Theme	p. 207
Interactions of A'-movement and passivisation	p. 209
A'-extraction of the English double object Theme	p. 209
A'-extraction of the Kichaga double object Goal	p. 213
Summary	p. 215
German has no Dative Shift	p. 216
Binding asymmetries	p. 216
The binding facts of German	p. 218
Analysis	p. 220
Summary	p. 224
Conclusion	p. 225
Affixal particles in applicatives and causatives	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Homophony of applicative and causative affixes	p. 229
The problem from a Dutch perspective	p. 229
The problem from a Sanuma perspective	p. 230
The problem from an Indonesian perspective	p. 232
Synthesis	p. 233
Interlude: Affixal particles in French	p. 235
Two central questions for the analysis of causative constructions	p. 237
The structure of transitive causatives	p. 239
Two correlations between datives and causatives	p. 239
The Case of Goals and causees	p. 240
The Case of (embedded) direct objects	p. 243
Structural assimilation	p. 244
The structure	p. 245
Decomposition of triadic verbs	p. 248
Causatives, possession and affectedness	p. 249
Ergativisation	p. 251
Embedding under the causativised verb	p. 253
The priority effect in French causatives	p. 253
Causativised verbs with sentential complements	p. 257
Transitive and intransitive causatives	p. 263
Alternative analyses	p. 265
Conclusion	p. 267
Conclusions	p. 269
References	p. 275
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Particles

On the Syntax of Verb-Particle, Triadic and Causative Constructions

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Hardcover

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