Packaging Technology and Engineering

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xv

About the Author xvii

Preface xix

Section I Scientific and Technological Background to Materials 1

1 Historical Perspective and Evolution 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Survey of Packaging Use 9

References 24

2 Chemical Engineering of Packaging Materials 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Building Blocks, Extraction, and Raw Materials 30

2.3 Industrial Processes, Wood-Pulping, Processing, and Smelting 33

2.4 Making Glass 36

References 41

3 Material Science and Chemistry 43

3.1 Introduction 44

3.2 Glasses 44

3.3 Metallic Materials 48

3.4 Polymeric Materials 56

3.5 Colorants, Opacifiers, and Colouring 84

3.6 Plasticisers and Other Additives 92

3.7 Barriers, Barrier Properties, and Product Modification 105

3.8 Estimating the Shelf Life of Packaging 126

3.9 Chemical Testing 134

3.10 Contemporary Issues and Controversies with Modern Packaging Materials 138

References 151

4 The Physics of Packaging Materials 161

4.1 Introduction 161

4.2 Characterisation of Packaging Substrates 165

4.3 Test Methods 190

References 193

5 Engineering of the Product: Design, Formation, and Machining 197

5.1 Introduction 197

5.2 Fourdrinier Processing and Paper-Making 199

5.3 Sheeting, Injection Moulding, Thermoforming, Welding, Extrusion, Plasma Treatment, Annealing, and Curing 214

5.4 Classification of Moulded Packaging Forms 226

References 232

Section II Application and Processing 239

6 Packaging for Various Applications 241

6.1 Introduction 242

6.2 Hermetically Sealed Containers and Developments 248

6.3 Modern Sterilisation and Pasteurisation Procedures and the Effects of Chemistry, Temperature, Pressure, and Irradiation on the Product and Pack 264

6.4 Metered Therapeutic Dose Devices 299

6.5 Heat-Sealed Goods and Modified Atmosphere 300

6.6 Childproof and Easy-Open Packaging 308

6.7 Multi-Dose Pharmaceutical Bottles 310

References 310

7 Food, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Packaging 317

7.1 Introduction 317

7.2 Food Packaging 320

7.3 Pharmaceutical Packaging 332

7.4 Medical Device Packaging 347

References 359

Section III Quality, Integrity, and Traceability 367

8 Suppliers and Manufacturers of Packaging 369

8.1 Introduction 370

8.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainability 370

8.3 Recycling and After-Use 373

8.4 Tracing, Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, and Anti-Fraud Devices 388

8.5 Accelerated Testing 417

8.6 The Distribution Chain and Transport Logistics 431

8.7 Packaging Regulations and Guidelines 436

8.8 Safety, Health, and Practicality 442

References 464

Section IV Revision and Information 475

Problems: Questions, Calculations, Estimates, and Dilemmas 477

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 477

Short Answer Questions (SAQs);Worth 4 Marks 486

Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs);Worth 2 Marks 487

Calculation Questions;Worth 20â"30 Marks 488

Calculation Questions;Worth 5 Marks 490

Answers to Problems 490

References 497

Appendices, Glossary of Terms, and Abbreviations 499

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 499

Periodic Table of Chemical Elements and Fundamental Chemistry 501

Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations 504

Scientific and Engineering Symbols 505

Unit Prefixes 508

Index 509