Obstructive Uropathy

Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction.- 1 Introduction and General Considerations.- Normal Urinary Tract.- Obstructed Urinary Tract.- Renal Pelvic Pressures in Obstruction.- Renal Blood Flow in Obstruction.- Glomerular Filtration Rate in Obstruction.- Tubular Function in Obstruction.- Relief of Obstruction.- Causes of Obstruction.- Investigation of Obstruction.- 2 Laboratory Investigations.- Biochemistry.- Plasma Urea.- Plasma Creatinine.- Creatinine Clearance.- Osmotic Pressure.- Concentrating Ability.- Urine Acidification.- ?2 Microglobulin Estimation.- Microbiology.- Collection of Specimens.- Investigations.- Interpretation of Results.- 3 Radiology.- Intravenous Urography.- Diuresis Urography.- Retrograde Pyelography.- Retrograde Ureteric Intubation.- Lower Tract Obstruction.- Ultrasound.- Computed Tomography.- 4 Nuclear Medicine.- Radiopharmaceuticals.- Radionuclide Renography.- Radionuclide Investigation of Renal Disease.- Clinical Applications.- Summary.- 5 Antegrade Percutaneous Studies.- Antegrade Pyelography.- Perfusion Pressure Flow Studies.- 6 Urinary Stone Disease.- 7 Idiopathic Hydronephrosis (Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction).- 8 Ureteric Obstruction.- Retroperitoneal Fibrosis.- Urothelial Tumours.- Ureteric Strictures.- Congenital Strictures.- Tuberculous Strictures.- Bilharzial Strictures.- Iatrogenic Strictures.- Radiation Strictures.- Malignant Strictures.- Balloon Dilatation.- Congenital Ureteric Anomalies.- Primary Megaureter.- Retrocaval Ureter.- Ureteric Duplication.- Ureterocele.- Miscellaneous Causes of Ureteric Obstruction.- Horseshoe Kidney.- Vascular Anomalies.- Endometriosis.- Procidentia.- Pregnancy.- Crohn's Disease.- Inflammatory Bowel Disease.- Primary Megacalycosis.- Malacoplakia.- Pelvic Lipomatosis.- Renal Transplantation.- Urinary Diversions.- 9 Percutaneous Renal Surgery in Obstructive Uropathy.- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.- Percutaneous Pyeloplasty.- Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction.- 10 Basic Considerations.- The Nature of Obstruction and its Relationship to Functional Abnormality of the Urinary Tract.- Clinical Assessment of Functional Performance in the Lower Tract.- Urodynamic Assessment.- Anatomical Assessment.- Residual Urine Assessment.- Histological Assessment.- Sensory (Symptomatic) Assessment.- Comparative Studies.- Micturition Cycle.- Symptoms and Signs of Lower Tract Obstruction.- Examination and Investigation of the Obstructed Patient.- 11 Obstructive and Functional Abnormalities I.- Classification of Functional Disorders on the Basis of Residual Urine.- Age-Related Changes and the Lower Urinary Tract.- Acute (Painful) Retention.- High-Pressure Chronic Retention.- Low-Pressure Chronic Retention.- High-Pressure Voiding.- Low-Pressure Voiding.- Comparative Studies in Painless Retention.- Incidence of the Disorders Associated with Residual Urine.- 12 Obstructive and Functional Abnormalities II.- Bladder Dysfunction Without Residual Urine.- Bladder Neck Obstruction.- Underactive Bladder Neck Dysfunction.- Comparative Studies in Bladder Neck Dysfunction.- Summary of Bladder Neck Dysfunction.- Overall View of the Dysfunctional States of the Lower Urinary Tract, Their Relationship to One Another and to the Voiding Dynamics of Normal Persons.- Obstructive Uropathy in Females.- Acute Retention of Urine.- High-Pressure Chronic Retention.- Low-Pressure Chronic Retention/Low-Pressure Voiding.- Obstructive Uropathy in Children.- Acute Painful Retention.- High-Pressure Chronic Retention.- Bladder Neck Obstruction.- Low-Pressure Voiding Dysfunction.- 13 Practical Aspects of the Management of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction.- Bladder Neck Dysfunction.- Urethral Valves.- Prostatic Hypertrophy.- Carcinoma of the Prostate.- Urethral Stricture.