Nonverbal Communication

PREFACE: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: INTRODUCTION 1. Foundations of Nonverbal Communication Basic Definitions --Considerations for Definitions Approaches to Nonverbal Communication --Theoretical Approaches --Disciplinary Approaches --Methodological Approaches Nonverbal Functions and Subcodes --Touch and Space --Physical Appearance --Body Movements and Gestures --Vocalics --Covert Body/Temporal Communication --Nonverbal Functions Nonverbal Communication and Perception --Process Structure --Age --Culture and Race --Status --Gender --The Importance of Research in the Study of Nonverbal Communication Summary Questions for Thought SECTION ONE. STUDIES AND SUBCODES 2. Haptics (Touch) Animal Studies Tactile Development and Humans --Types and Functions of Touch --Factors Influencing Touch --Frequency of Contact Violations of Haptic Expectations --Substitutes for "Real Touch" Functional Approach to Touch Summary Questions for Thought 3. Proxemics (Personal Space) Proxemics Personal Space --Classification Schemes --Definitions and Need Factors Influencing Distancing Expectations --Age Differences --Sex Differences --Cultural Differences --Racial Differences --Status, Personality, and Liking --Environmental Structuring Violations of Personal Space Other Violations Functions of Personal Space Summary Questions for Thought 4. Proxemics (Territory and Environment) Territory --Animal Correlates of Territoriality --Human Correlates of Territoriality --Territorial Claims --Purposes of Territory Environment --Room Color and Aesthetic Appreciation --Room Size and Shape --Temperature and Humidity --Environmental Structuring --Architecture Functions of Territory and the Environment Summary Questions for Thought 5. Physical Appearance: Impressions of the Body Physical Attractiveness --Social Interaction --Sex Appeal The Body --Body Shape --Weight and Attitude --Body Image Stigmas Functions Summary Questions for Thought 6. Body Alterations and Coverings Body Alterations --Hair and Hairstyles --The Skin: Cosmetics and Colorings --Additions --Tattoos, Body Piercing, and Branding Clothing --Purposes of Clothing --Functions of Clothing --Clothing and Success --Accessories Functions Summary Questions for Thought 7. Kinesics: The Study of Human Body Movements Principles --Putting Principles to Work --Categories in Kinesics --Birdwhistell's Linguistic Analogy --Morris' Derivation System --Mehrabian's Functional Approach --Ekman and Friesen's Cumulative Structure Functions Summary Questions for Thought 8. A Practical Functional Approach to Kinesics Variables that Influence Kinesics --Culture --Sex/Gender --Left- and Right-Handedness --Relationship with Language --Decoding Functions --Identification and Self-Presentation --Control of the Interaction --Relationship of Interactants --Display of Cognitive Information --Display of Affective Information --Deception and Leakage Summary Questions for Thought 9. Vocalics (Paralanguage) Definitions Sound and Its Attributes Paravocal Communication Vocalic Functions --The "Normal" Conversation --Identification and Self-Presentation --Controlling Interaction --Regulating the Conversation --Relationship of Interactants --Display of Cognitive Information --Display of Affective Information --Deception --Other Encoding and Decoding Aspects of Vocalics Summary Questions for Thought 10. The Covert Subcodes: Biofeedback, Olfaction, and Chronemics Feedback Systems --Gustatory Systems --Biofeedback Systems --Mood and Emotion Olfaction --What Is Olfaction? --Olfactory Processes --Olfactory Identification --Olfactory Influence --Olfactory Memory Time (Chronemics) --The Structure of Time --Bruneau's Chronemic Structures --Culture and Time Summary Questions for Thought SECTION TWO. APPLICATIONS 11. Nonverbal Communication in Social Situations Meeting Others --General Characteristics --Intimate Behavior --Environment, Proxemics, Chronemics --Computer Mediated Relationship Building Cross-Sex Friendships Same-Sex Relationships --Male-Male Nonverbal Communication --Female-Female Nonverbal Communication Summary Questions for Thought 12. Nonverbal Communication in the Family The Home --Spatiotemporal Dimensions --Kinesic Factors --Vocalic Factors --Physical Appearance --Review Nonverbal Communication in the Marriage and Committed Relationships --Environmental Factors --Space --Touch --Kinesics and Vocalics --Chronemics --Physical Appearance The Expanding Family--Children and the Family Relationship --Nonverbal Communication in Children Nonverbal Communication with the Elderly --Environment and Space --Touch --Vocalics --Physical Appearance --Kinesics --Chronemics and Olfaction --Review Summary Questions for Thought 13. Nonverbal Communication at Work Nonverbal Relational Messages General Nonverbal Considerations --Spatiotemporal Dimensions --Overt Body Dimensions --Physical Appearance --Impression Management --Review The Performance Appraisal Interview Nonverbal Interaction in Particular Professions --The Teacher in the Classroom --The Attorney in Court --The Health Care Industry --The Business Person in a Leadership Position Summary Questions for Thought 14. The Future of Nonverbal Communication: A Review What We Know About Nonverbal Communication Where Is the Study of Nonverbal Communication Going? General Review APPENDIX. Methods of Nonverbal Communication Research Nonverbal Research --Review of the Literature --Theoretical Perspective --Methodology --Data Collection --Data Analysis and Application Limitations of Nonverbal Communication Research An Example of Context Summary Questions for Thought GLOSSARY: REFERENCES: AUTHOR INDEX: SUBJECT INDEX: