Nmr Probeheads For Biophysical And Biomedical Experiments

Theoretical Principles And Practical Guidelines (With Cd-rom)

By: Andre Briguet, Mihaela Lupu, Joel Mispelter

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Hardcover | 8 May 2006

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Hardcover
612 Pages

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16.4 x 23.7 x 3.7

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NMR Probeheads for Biophysical and Biomedical Experiments is essential reading for anyone in the field of NMR or MRI, from students to medical or biological scientists performing experiments under certain physical and/or geometrical conditions, unattainable by conventional or available probes. The material guides the reader through the most basic and comprehensive stages in accomplishing a correct probe design, from a very basic oscillating circuit to much more elaborate designs. The general principles of matching and tuning probes are presented while some typical examples are explained in detail. Preventing NMR probes from becoming radiating antennas, multiple tuning principles, and steps for evaluating and debugging a probe are all covered. For the first time, these principles are applied for both homogeneous and heterogeneous resonators. The book is accompanied by a CD that contains software utilities used to exemplify the stages of different probe designs.

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Preface	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
What Is an NMR Probe	p. 1
The basic pulsed NMR experiment	p. 5
The head probe on a theoretical point of view	p. 9
The principle of reciprocity and the calculation of the induced emf	p. 9
Losses	p. 12
The ultimate sensitivity	p. 14
What Probes for a Specific NMR Experiment	p. 17
High resolution NMR in solution	p. 18
Solid state NMR	p. 19
Biomedical and Biophysical applications	p. 20
Relating the NMR Coil(s) to the Spectrometer	p. 23
The NMR Spectrometer Major Parts	p. 25
General block scheme of an NMR spectrometer/imager	p. 25
Radio-frequency components	p. 25
Sources loads and transmission lines	p. 25
Transmitters	p. 29
Receivers	p. 32
Switching	p. 33
The NMR Probe Components	p. 35
Properties of RLC circuits	p. 35
Inductor	p. 35
Capacitor	p. 36
RLC circuits	p. 37
Matching the Probe Resonator to 50 [Omega]	p. 47
Series Capacitive Matching	p. 48
Parallel Shunt Capacitive Coupling	p. 53
Inductive Matching	p. 56
Inductive matching with a single coupling loop	p. 60
Inductive matching with tuned coupling loop	p. 64
Inductive matching with fixed mutual and variable capacitor	p. 65
Repartition of current in the loops for inductive coupling	p. 72
Parallel Shunt Inductive Coupling	p. 73
Matching Using Transmission Lines	p. 76
Generalization of the NMR Probe Resonator Impedance Matching	p. 80
Broadband Matching	p. 88
Active Matching Network	p. 91
Balun Matching Network	p. 91
Balancing the Probe Head	p. 93
Evidencing the Electric Losses Effect	p. 94
Experimental setup	p. 95
Frequency shifts	p. 98
Q factors	p. 100
Evidencing the Radiation Losses: the Antenna Effect	p. 101
The Common Mode Effects	p. 104
Optimizing the Sensitivity	p. 104
Symmetrical Capacitive Coupling Networks	p. 105
Splitting the matching capacitor	p. 105
A versatile capacitive balancing matching network	p. 108
A simple software to compute the matching components value	p. 119
LC-Balun Matching	p. 120
More Baluns	p. 123
Inductive Coupling Network	p. 128
Quadrature Driving	p. 131
Low Frequency Transformers Circuit	p. 134
Quadrature Hybrid (Branch-Line Hybrid)	p. 138
[lambda]/A transmission lines hybrid	p. 139
[lambda]/8 transmission lines hybrid	p. 147
Lumped elements quadrature hybrids	p. 154
Quarter wave hybrid equivalent	p. 154
[lambda]/8 hybrid equivalent	p. 158
Frequency response of the quad hybrids	p. 161
Ring Hybrid	p. 165
The 180[degree] rat-race hybrid	p. 166
Using the rat-race hybrid 180[degree] in quadrature NMR	p. 174
Lumped elements equivalent of the 180[degree] hybrid	p. 176
Frequency response of the 180[degree] ring hybrid	p. 178
Other 90[degree] Hybrids	p. 181
Multiple Frequencies Tuning	p. 187
Shunting Methods	p. 190
Dual frequency switching circuits	p. 190
Practical double tuned circuits	p. 195
Multiple tuning of a single coil	p. 201
Symmetrizing the shunting configurations	p. 208
Multiple Poles Circuits	p. 213
Coupling Tank Circuits	p. 224
Coupled identical resonators	p. 227
Coupled resonators having the same resonance frequencies but different L/C ratio	p. 230
General case (different coupled resonators)	p. 231
Fluxed coupled resonators	p. 233
Special case of a short circuited coil	p. 237
[Pi] - network configuration	p. 238
Summary of coupled resonators properties	p. 241
Efficiency for Multiple Tuned NMR Probe	p. 245
Efficiency for shunting methods	p. 245
Efficiency for multiple poles circuits	p. 249
Efficiency for coupled resonant circuits	p. 254
Is the Q Factor Representative for the Sensitivity?	p. 255
Connecting the Multiple Frequency Resonator to the Spectrometer	p. 258
Magnetic Field Amplitude Estimation	p. 261
The Biot-Savart Approximation	p. 261
Magnetic field produced by straight wires	p. 263
Magnetic field produced by a loop	p. 266
Effective Field for NMR Experiments	p. 269
Estimation of the Current Distribution	p. 274
Limits and usefulness of the thin wire approximation	p. 274
Current distribution in the isolated flat strip	p. 276
Proximity effects	p. 285
Two coplanar strips	p. 285
Three or more strips	p. 287
Wire in proximity of a conductive plane	p. 288
Current density in round wires	p. 292
Concluding remarks	p. 294
Survey of Modern Electromagnetic Simulation Methods	p. 295
Homogeneous Resonators	p. 301
Axial Resonators	p. 303
Magnetic field amplitude	p. 303
Approximations of the spherical uniform current density	p. 307
Helmholtz coil	p. 307
Four coils configuration	p. 309
Guidelines for a practical design of Helmholtz probes and four coils probes	p. 312
Solenoid types	p. 314
The solenoid coil	p. 314
The loop gap	p. 319
Practical designs	p. 324
Transverse Resonators	p. 332
Magnetic field amplitude	p. 332
The saddle shaped coil	p. 335
The optimum geometry and RF magnetic field	p. 335
A practical design	p. 339
UHF saddle coil-like resonators	p. 342
The Alderman-Grant coil, a version of the slotted cylinder	p. 344
Coupling the Alderman-Grant resonator to the spectrometer, a practical design	p. 348
The cosine, or Bolinger, coil	p. 354
Double tuning the UHF saddle coil-like resonators, a practical design	p. 364
Shielding the UHF saddle coil-like resonators	p. 364
The birdcage resonator	p. 371
RF field map of the birdcage design	p. 372
Low-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass and Hybrid birdcage circuits	p. 377
Tuning the birdcage resonator	p. 387
Asymmetry effects	p. 395
Relating the birdcage to the spectrometer	p. 399
A practical design	p. 401
Double tuning the birdcage resonator	p. 414
The Litz coil	p. 423
Transmission lines resonator	p. 425
TEM resonators	p. 425
Split transmission lines resonators	p. 430
Ultra-fast recovery and ultra-broadband delay line probes	p. 434
Heterogeneous Resonators	p. 437
The Basic Surface Coil	p. 437
The simple loop magnetic field distribution	p. 439
"Ideal" case	p. 439
Effect of inductive coupling	p. 441
Practical design guidelines	p. 447
How many turns?	p. 447
Spiral windings	p. 447
Arbitrary winding shapes	p. 451
Wiring shape	p. 453
Opened resonators	p. 458
Surface coils for UHF	p. 459
Segmented loop	p. 459
The crossover-coil	p. 461
Split ring resonator	p. 462
Microstrip coils	p. 464
Super conducting surface coils	p. 466
Relating the coil to the spectrometer	p. 468
Extending the Observed Volume (Multi-Rings Coils)	p. 470
Coaxial rings	p. 470
RF Field profiling	p. 470
X-observed, proton decoupled system	p. 473
Array coils	p. 475
The Surface Coil as Receive-Only Probe	p. 479
Passive decoupling	p. 480
Active decoupling	p. 488
Probe Evaluation and Debugging	p. 493
Adjusting and Evaluating the Probe	p. 493
Instrumentation	p. 494
The pick-up coil	p. 494
The "grid-dip"	p. 494
Impedance bridge	p. 495
Power divider, hybrid and directional coupler	p. 498
Sweep generator, crystal detector and spectrum analyzer	p. 500
Scalar and vector network analyzer	p. 503
Evaluating the probe on the RF workbench	p. 504
Matching the probe input impedance to 50 [Omega]	p. 504
Evaluation of Q factor	p. 507
B1/[radical]P evaluation methods	p. 510
Evaluating the probe connected to the NMR spectrometer	p. 513
Useful Information	p. 516
Self and mutual inductance calculations	p. 516
Formulae	p. 516
Integration methods	p. 521
Evaluation of the complete elliptic integrals	p. 522
The solenoid	p. 523
Introduction to network theory	p. 527
Impedance and admittance matrices	p. 529
The transmission (ABCD) matrix	p. 532
The scattering matrix	p. 533
Transmission lines	p. 534
Electrical properties	p. 534
Transmission line designs	p. 538
Lumped elements replacement of lines	p. 541
Solving Impedance Matching	p. 545
Current Distribution Calculation	p. 549
Magnetic Field Distribution Estimation	p. 555
A Simple Linear Network Analysis Program	p. 563
Bibliography	p. 573
Index	p. 593
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Nmr Probeheads For Biophysical And Biomedical Experiments

Theoretical Principles And Practical Guidelines (With Cd-rom)

At a Glance

Hardcover

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