| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. xxi |
| Networking at the Speed of Light | |
| Optical Networking Theory | p. 3 |
| The Basics | p. 4 |
| The Promise of Optical Networking | p. 6 |
| How Optical Networking Works | p. 8 |
| Fiber 101 | p. 12 |
| Let There Be Light | p. 17 |
| Photons Versus Electrons | p. 17 |
| Light Sources | p. 17 |
| Amplification | p. 21 |
| Get a Boost | p. 21 |
| Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) | p. 22 |
| Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers | p. 25 |
| Raman Amplification | p. 26 |
| Optical Networking Obstacles | p. 28 |
| Attenuation | p. 29 |
| Dispersion | p. 30 |
| Nonlinear Effects | p. 30 |
| Limitations | p. 32 |
| Summary | p. 34 |
| History of Optical Networking | p. 35 |
| Optical Networking Through Time | p. 36 |
| Discoveries and Innovation | p. 36 |
| Spinning Threads of Glass | p. 41 |
| Spanning the Distance | p. 44 |
| Foundations in Science | p. 48 |
| The Birth of Fiber | p. 48 |
| Lasers | p. 51 |
| Optical Network Service | p. 54 |
| Development | p. 54 |
| The Last Mile | p. 57 |
| Optical Architectures | p. 61 |
| Multiplexing | p. 62 |
| Fundamentals | p. 62 |
| Types of Multiplexing | p. 63 |
| Optical Demultiplexing | p. 65 |
| Add/drop Multiplexing | p. 68 |
| SONET | p. 69 |
| Evolution | p. 70 |
| Overview | p. 71 |
| Rings | p. 71 |
| Structure | p. 73 |
| DWDM | p. 86 |
| Spectral Specifics | p. 86 |
| DWDM Development | p. 87 |
| How DWDM Works | p. 89 |
| Optical Amplification and DWDM | p. 91 |
| SONET Versus DWDM | p. 92 |
| Dynamic Packet Transport | p. 93 |
| DPT Overview | p. 93 |
| Spatial Reuse | p. 94 |
| DPT Versus SONET | p. 97 |
| Optical Networking Tools, Applications, and Vendors | |
| Optical Networking Design | p. 101 |
| Networking Basics | p. 102 |
| OSI Reference Model | p. 102 |
| Datalink Protocols | p. 103 |
| IP Addressing | p. 106 |
| Optical LAN Considerations | p. 109 |
| Physical Considerations | p. 114 |
| Network Topology | p. 114 |
| Design | p. 119 |
| Wide Area Networks | p. 122 |
| Access | p. 122 |
| The Edge | p. 124 |
| Backbone | p. 124 |
| Long Haul | p. 128 |
| Fabrics | p. 129 |
| Switching | p. 130 |
| Metrics | p. 131 |
| Applications | p. 133 |
| Fabric Size | p. 134 |
| Fabric Overlays | p. 136 |
| MPLS | p. 137 |
| Optical Switching and Routing | p. 147 |
| Routing and Switching Basics | p. 148 |
| Routers | p. 148 |
| Switches | p. 152 |
| Optical Considerations | p. 159 |
| Optical Switching | p. 161 |
| Basics | p. 162 |
| Switching Technologies | p. 162 |
| Optical Cross-Connects | p. 169 |
| Optical Routing | p. 174 |
| Basics | p. 175 |
| Speed and Scaling | p. 178 |
| Routers Shape the Next-Generation Internet | p. 180 |
| Vendors and Their Wares | p. 185 |
| Cisco Systems, Inc. | p. 186 |
| Overview | p. 186 |
| Transport Systems | p. 187 |
| Switches | p. 191 |
| Routers | p. 194 |
| Tellium, Inc. | p. 199 |
| Overview | p. 199 |
| Switches | p. 199 |
| Nortel Networks, Inc. | p. 201 |
| Switches | p. 201 |
| Transport | p. 203 |
| Juniper Networks, Inc. | p. 206 |
| Overview | p. 207 |
| Routers | p. 208 |
| CIENA Corporation | p. 212 |
| Overview | p. 212 |
| Transport | p. 212 |
| Switching | p. 216 |
| Sycamore Networks, Inc. | p. 219 |
| Overview | p. 219 |
| Switches | p. 220 |
| Lucent Technologies, Inc. | p. 222 |
| Overview | p. 222 |
| Transport | p. 222 |
| Switches | p. 223 |
| Other Products | p. 224 |
| Foundry Networks, Inc. | p. 226 |
| Overview | p. 226 |
| Routers | p. 227 |
| Switches | p. 229 |
| Optical Networking Applications | p. 233 |
| Submarine Systems | p. 234 |
| Connecting Continents | p. 234 |
| Installation | p. 236 |
| Metropolitan Area Networks | p. 240 |
| The MAN | p. 241 |
| SONET Versus DWDM Round III | p. 241 |
| The Next Generation MAN | p. 244 |
| VoIP | p. 248 |
| Introduction | p. 248 |
| Building VoIP Networks | p. 251 |
| Using Optics | p. 256 |
| Storage Area Networks | p. 258 |
| Storage Needs | p. 258 |
| Fibre Channel | p. 260 |
| Designing and Building a SAN | p. 261 |
| Fiberless Optics | p. 265 |
| Basics | p. 266 |
| No Cables, no Red Tape | p. 267 |
| A Network Without Wires | p. 267 |
| Practical Optical Networking | |
| Building Optical Networks | p. 273 |
| Design Basics | p. 274 |
| The Three-Layer Hierarchical Design Model | p. 274 |
| Design Methods | p. 280 |
| Optical Networking Gear | p. 283 |
| Designing to Fit Needs | p. 285 |
| Understanding Existing Internetworks | p. 285 |
| Characterizing Networks | p. 286 |
| Optimal Optical Technologies | p. 289 |
| FDDI | p. 289 |
| Gigabit Ethernet | p. 293 |
| 10 Gigabit Ethernet | p. 300 |
| Fibre Channel | p. 302 |
| Models | p. 309 |
| Service Provider | p. 309 |
| Backbones | p. 311 |
| LANs | p. 312 |
| MANs | p. 314 |
| Optical Network Management | p. 319 |
| Overview of Network Management | p. 320 |
| The Roots of Network Management | p. 321 |
| Network Management Tools Today | p. 324 |
| Trends in Enterprise System Management | p. 327 |
| Service Level Agreements | p. 328 |
| Benefits | p. 329 |
| Preparing a SLA | p. 332 |
| Maintenance | p. 335 |
| What to Look for in a SLA | p. 337 |
| SNMP | p. 338 |
| What Is SNMP? | p. 338 |
| SNMP Polling and Managed Objects | p. 339 |
| The MIB | p. 340 |
| Polling Groups and Data Aggregation | p. 346 |
| SNMP Commands | p. 348 |
| Thresholds | p. 349 |
| Events and Traps | p. 350 |
| SNMP Versions | p. 351 |
| TMN | p. 352 |
| Overview | p. 352 |
| Functional Architecture | p. 355 |
| Physical Architecture | p. 357 |
| Information Architecture | p. 358 |
| Logical Layered Architecture | p. 359 |
| Optical Network Management Applications | p. 362 |
| Lucent WaveWrapper | p. 363 |
| Cisco Transport Manager | p. 363 |
| Corvis CorManager | p. 366 |
| Sun Solstice Enterprise Manager | p. 367 |
| Optical Maintenance and Tuning | p. 371 |
| Logical Maintenance and Tuning | p. 372 |
| Network Design | p. 372 |
| Statistical Multiplexing | p. 376 |
| Errors | p. 378 |
| Physical Maintenance and Tuning | p. 383 |
| Solving Fiber Cuts | p. 383 |
| Solving Bad Fiber Connections | p. 387 |
| Loss Testing | p. 396 |
| Tunable Lasers | p. 400 |
| Tools | p. 401 |
| Digital Lightwave Network Information Computers | p. 402 |
| Acterna CycloneCore IP Optimizer | p. 402 |
| Fluke FiberInspector | p. 403 |
| Optical Fiber | p. 405 |
| Cables, Construction, and Connectors | p. 406 |
| Types | p. 406 |
| Fiber Construction | p. 411 |
| Fiber Connectors | p. 416 |
| Cabling and Composition | p. 421 |
| Cabling Environments | p. 421 |
| Cable Composition | p. 427 |
| Fiber Protection | p. 430 |
| Care, Caution, and Companies | p. 431 |
| Problems | p. 431 |
| Safety | p. 433 |
| Manufacturers | p. 435 |
| Optical Network Security | p. 437 |
| Overview of Network Security | p. 438 |
| Traffic-Based Security | p. 438 |
| User-Based Security | p. 440 |
| Types of Attack | p. 443 |
| Protecting Your Network | p. 446 |
| Security Protocols | p. 446 |
| Intrusion Detection Systems | p. 450 |
| Optical Considerations | p. 454 |
| Optical Network Security Features | p. 454 |
| Attack Methods | p. 457 |
| Attack Detection | p. 459 |
| Vulnerabilities | p. 461 |
| Physical Security | p. 463 |
| Index | p. 467 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
