List of Contributors xix
About the Editors xxv
Preface xxvii
1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization 1
Nimir O. Elbashir
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Natural Gas Chain 2
1.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas 4
1.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels 9
1.5 Summary 13
Acknowledgment 13
References 13
2 Techno-Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale GasWells in the Barnett Shales 15
Rasha Hasaneen, Andrew Avalos, Nathan Sibley, and Mohammed Shammaa
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Shale Gas Operations 18
2.3 The Barnett Shale 22
2.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel 22
2.5 Environmental Remediation ofWater and Seismic Impacts 24
2.6 Theoretical Calculations 28
2.7 Results and Discussion 35
2.8 Opportunities for Future Research 49
References 50
3 ThermodynamicModeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures 57
Epaminondas Voutsas, Nefeli Novak, Vasiliki Louli, Georgia Pappa, Eirini Petropoulou, Christos Boukouvalas, Eleni Panteli, and Stathis Skouras
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Thermodynamic Models 61
3.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points 64
3.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates 70
3.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process 75
3.6 Concluding Remarks 81
References 82
4 CO2 Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration 89
Ahmed Farid Ibrahim and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din
4.1 Coalbed Characteristics 89
4.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior 91
4.3 CoalWettability 95
4.4 CO2 Injectivity 101
4.5 Pilot Field Tests 106
4.6 Conclusions 108
References 108
5 Fluid Flow: Basics 113
Paul A. Nelson, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids 116
5.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics 121
5.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow 126
5.5 Laminar Flow 130
5.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow 132
5.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook 139
References 142
6 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics 143
Paul A. Nelson,MoyeWicks III, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Notation 143
6.3 Piping Networks 145
6.4 Meters 152
6.5 Control Valves 159
6.6 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow 161
References 171
7 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream 173
Justin C. Slagle
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Upstream 174
7.3 Midstream 183
7.4 Going Further 192
Acknowledgement 196
References 196
8 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty 197
Emmanuel Ogbe, Ali Elkamel,Michael Fowler, and Ali Almansoori
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 Literature Review 199
8.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains 200
8.4 Optimization Model 202
8.5 Computation Study 208
8.6 Results and Discussion 209
8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 212
References 213
Appendix 215
8.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources 216
8.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations 216
8.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users 217
8.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model 217
8.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model 217
9 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains 219
Ahmad Al-Douri, Debalina Sengupta, andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 Methodology 220
9.3 Case Study 221
9.4 Case Study Results 224
9.4.1 Feedstock 224
9.5 Conclusion 232
References 232
10 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production 235
MozammelMazumder and Qiang Xu
10.1 Introduction 235
10.2 Methodology Framework 237
10.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery 238
10.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System 244
10.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction 245
10.6 Conclusion 254
Acknowledgements 254
Abbreviations 254
Nomenclature 255
References 256
11 Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing and Production Networks 259
Saad A. Al-Sobhi,Munawar A. Shaik, Ali Elkamel, and Fatih S. Erenay
11.1 Introduction 259
11.2 Background and Process Description 260
11.3 Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 265
11.4 LP Model for Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 274
11.5 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Upstream Processing Network 280
11.6 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Production Network 288
11.7 Sustainability Assessment of Natural Gas Network 296
11.7.1 Case Study 1 297
11.7.2 Case Study 2 298
11.7.3 Case Study 3 298
11.8 Conclusion 300
References 300
12 Process Safety in Natural Gas Industries 305
Monir Ahammad and M. SamMannan
12.1 Introduction 305
12.2 Incident History 306
12.3 Process Safety Methods 309
12.4 Equipment and Plant Reliability 312
12.5 Facility Siting and Layout Optimization 315
12.6 Relief System Design 323
12.7 Toxic and Heavy Gas Dispersion 324
12.8 Fire and Explosion 326
12.9 Effective Mitigation System 329
12.10 Regulatory Program and Management Systems for Process Safety and Risks 332
12.11 Concluding Remarks 335
Nomenclature 336
References 338
13 ThermodynamicModeling of Relevance to Natural Gas Processing 341
Georgios M. Kontogeorgis and Eirini Karakatsani
13.1 Introduction to the Problem 341
13.2 The Models 343
13.3 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 1. No Chemicals 348
13.4 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 2.With Chemicals 360
13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 372
Nomenclature 374
Acknowledgment 376
References 376
14 Light Alkane Aromatization: Efficient use of Natural Gas 379
Swarom R. Kanitkar and James J. Spivey
14.1 Introduction 379
14.2 Aromatization of Light Alkanes 381
14.3 Future Perspective 394
References 397
15 Techno-Economic Analysis of Monetizing Shale Gas to Butadiene 403
Ecem -zinan andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi
15.1 Introduction 403
15.2 Process Description 404
15.3 Techno-Economic Analysis 406
15.4 Conclusions 406
References 411
16 Fractionation of the Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Fuels for Production of On-Specification Diesel and Value-Added Chemicals 413
Mostafa Shahin, Shaik Afzal, and Nimir O. Elbashir
16.1 Introduction 413
16.2 Experimental Study to Measure Properties of GTL Diesel for Different Specifications 416
16.3 Experimental Study Results and Discussion 420
16.4 MathematicalModels for Properties-Composition Relationship 427
16.5 Summary and Conclusion 434
References 437
17 An Energy Integrated Approach to Design a Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products Separation and Solvent Recovery System 439
Tala Katbeh, Nimir O. Elbashir, and Mahmoud El-Halwagi
17.1 Introduction 439
17.1.1 Block 1: Syngas Generation (Natural Gas Reformer) 439
17.1.2 Block 2: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 440
17.1.2.1 Conventional FT Reactors 441
17.1.3 Introduction on the Utilization of Supercritical Fluids in the FT Synthesis 442
17.1.3.1 Block 3: Products Upgrading 442
17.2 Approach and Methodology 444
17.2.1 The FT Reactor Conditions 445
17.2.2 The Process Design Approach 445
17.3 Results and Discussion 447
17.3.1 Scenario 1: Separation of the Heavy Components First 447
17.3.2 Alternate Separation Design for Scenario 1 450
17.3.3 Scenario 2: Separation of theWater First 452
17.3.4 Scenario 3: Separation of the Vapor and Liquid Components and Use of 3-phase Separator to RecoverWater, Solvent, and Syngas 455
17.4 Conclusion 460
Acknowledgements 461
References 461
18 Multi-Scale Models for the Prediction of Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of Chemical Systems Related to Natural Gas Technology 463
Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou, Manolis Vasileiadis, Vasileios K.Michalis, Loukas D. Peristeras, and Ioannis G. Economou
18.1 Introduction 463
18.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation:Modeling Gas Hydrates 467
18.3 Modeling Porous Media in Separation and Storage Procedures 470
18.4 Molecular Simulation of Downstream Natural Gas Processing:The GTL Technology 476
18.5 Future Outlook 485
List of Abbreviations 487
Acknowledgements 488
References 488
19 Natural Gas to Acetylene (GTA)/Ethylene (GTE)/Liquid Fuels (GTL) The Synfuels International, Inc. Process 499
Kenneth R. Hall, Joel G. Cantrell, and Ben R.Weber, Jr
19.1 Introduction 499
19.2 Additive and Subtractive Processes 500
19.3 The Synfuels Process 501
19.4 Pilot Plant 503
19.5 Location, Location, Location 505
19.6 Biofuels 505
19.7 Conclusion 507
20 Natural-Gas-Based SOFC in Distributed Electricity Generation:Modeling and Control 509
Gerald S. Ogumerem, Nikolaos A. Diangelakis, and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos
20.1 Introduction 509
20.2 MathematicalModel 513
20.3 Simulation 517
20.4 MultiparametricModel Predictive Control (mpMPC) 519
20.5 Closed-Loop Validation and Results 523
20.6 Conclusion 523
References 524
21 Design of Synthetic Jet Fuel Using Multivariate Statistical Methods 527
RajibMukherjee, Noof Abdalla, NasrMohamed,Marwan ElWash, Nimir O. Elbashir, and MahmoudM. El-Halwagi
21.1 Introduction 527
21.2 Methodology 529
21.3 Results and Discussions 534
21.4 Conclusions 543
Acknowledgements 543
References 543
Index 545
