| Basics and Physical Tools | |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Physical Principles of Micro-and Nanotribology | p. 7 |
| Fundamental Definitions | p. 7 |
| Model Materials | p. 9 |
| Mechanical Properties | p. 11 |
| Roughness | p. 11 |
| Elastic Bodies | p. 12 |
| Viscoelastic Bodies | p. 13 |
| Contact Mechanics | p. 15 |
| Adhesion | p. 20 |
| Molecular Forces | p. 23 |
| Electrostatic Forces | p. 25 |
| Capillary Forces | p. 28 |
| Lubrication | p. 32 |
| Simple Liquids-Experiments | p. 33 |
| Simple Liquids-Simulation | p. 35 |
| Water-Bulk Properties | p. 37 |
| Water-Molecular Film Properties | p. 39 |
| Lubrication and Water Film Thickness | p. 44 |
| Solid Lubrication | p. 49 |
| Friction | p. 49 |
| Macroscale Stick/Slips | p. 52 |
| Microscale Stick/Slips | p. 53 |
| Nanoscale Stick/Slips | p. 56 |
| Stick/Slips and Sliding Velocity | p. 57 |
| Friction and Sliding Velocity | p. 59 |
| Friction versus Temperature and Humidity | p. 64 |
| Friction and Contact Geometry | p. 65 |
| Normal Force Dependence | p. 68 |
| p. 70 |
| Wear | p. 73 |
| Microscale Wear | p. 73 |
| Nanoscale Wear | p. 74 |
| Wear of Organic Monolayers | p. 74 |
| Biological Friction Systems | |
| Biological Frictional and Adhesive Systems | p. 79 |
| Biological Attachment | p. 79 |
| Systems with Reduced Friction | p. 80 |
| Fluids and Friction | p. 80 |
| Joints and Articular Cartilage | p. 85 |
| Muscle Connective Tissues | p. 91 |
| Systems with Increased Friction | p. 94 |
| Surface-Replicating Mechanisms in Plants | p. 94 |
| Egg Filaments of Teleostean Fish | p. 95 |
| Attachment Apparatus in Hill Stream Fish | p. 95 |
| Friction in Fish Spines | p. 97 |
| Attachment for Locomotion in Lizard Pads | p. 98 |
| Primate Skin | p. 100 |
| Frictional Surfaces of Snake Scales | p. 100 |
| Interlock in Parasites and Plant Diaspores | p. 101 |
| p. 102 |
| Mediators of Adhesion | p. 103 |
| Design of Adhesive Polymers | p. 103 |
| Coupling Agents | p. 104 |
| Systems with Increased Adhesion | p. 105 |
| Cell Adhesion | p. 106 |
| Invertebrates | p. 107 |
| Byssus Adhesion in Molluscs | p. 110 |
| Tube Feet of Starfish | p. 112 |
| Transitory Adhesion of Soft-Bodied Invertebrates | p. 114 |
| Adhesion in Barnacles | p. 116 |
| Permanent Adhesion in Insects and Spiders | p. 117 |
| Temporary Adhesion in Cladoceran Crustaceans | p. 118 |
| p. 118 |
| p. 119 |
| p. 121 |
| p. 122 |
| p. 122 |
| Anti-adhesive Mechanisms | p. 124 |
| Plants | p. 124 |
| Animals | p. 126 |
| Frictional Devices of Insects | p. 129 |
| Design Principles of Insect Attachment Devices | p. 130 |
| Insect Cuticle: Ultrastructural Architecture of the Material | p. 131 |
| Systems of Two Complementary Surfaces | p. 133 |
| Dragonfly Head-Arresting System | p. 133 |
| Wing-Locking Devices | p. 135 |
| Insect Unguitractor Apparatus | p. 137 |
| Coxal Interlocking Mechanism in Lacewings | p. 138 |
| Coxal Interlocking Mechanism in Jumping Cicadas | p. 138 |
| Systems of One Adaptable Surface | p. 139 |
| Surface Characteristics | p. 141 |
| Ultrastructural Architecture of the Pad Material | p. 143 |
| Two Alternative Designs of Adhesive Pads | p. 145 |
| Epidermal Secretions | p. 147 |
| Pore Canals | p. 148 |
| Test Equipment | |
| Microscale Test Equipment | p. 153 |
| Microtribometer | p. 153 |
| Force Detection | p. 153 |
| Springs for the Micronewton Range | p. 154 |
| Ball Selection | p. 155 |
| Interferometer-Based Tribometers | p. 156 |
| Fiber-Optics-Based Microtribometer | p. 158 |
| Bio-Microtribometer | p. 161 |
| Data Evaluation | p. 163 |
| Mechanical Microanalysis | p. 164 |
| Hardness Measurement | p. 164 |
| Scratch Testing | p. 166 |
| Contact-Angle Measurement | p. 167 |
| Profilometry | p. 168 |
| Lubrication Analysis | p. 170 |
| Accompanying Surface Science Techniques | p. 170 |
| Photoelectron Spectroscopy | p. 171 |
| Auger Electron Spectroscopy | p. 173 |
| Infrared Spectroscopy | p. 175 |
| Low-Energy Electron Diffraction | p. 176 |
| Nanoscale Probe Techniques | p. 179 |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscope | p. 180 |
| Operating Principle | p. 180 |
| Constant Current/Height Mode | p. 181 |
| Tunnel Spectroscopy | p. 182 |
| Hydration Scanning Tunneling Microscopy | p. 183 |
| AFM | p. 184 |
| Operating Principle | p. 184 |
| Contact mode | p. 185 |
| Tapping Mode | p. 186 |
| Non-contact Mode | p. 187 |
| Force Modulation | p. 188 |
| Selected Results | p. 188 |
| Forces Between Tip and Molecule | p. 188 |
| Nanoscale Friction and Wear | p. 190 |
| Nano-indentation | p. 191 |
| Microscopy Techniques | p. 193 |
| Principles of Microscopy Techniques | p. 194 |
| Light Microscopy | p. 194 |
| Phase-Contrast Microscopy | p. 196 |
| Interference Microscopy | p. 196 |
| Polarization Microscopy | p. 197 |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | p. 197 |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy | p. 198 |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy | p. 198 |
| Preparation Procedures | p. 200 |
| Fixation | p. 200 |
| Embedding | p. 202 |
| Sectioning | p. 203 |
| Histological Staining | p. 204 |
| Histochemistry | p. 204 |
| Contrasting Technique for TEM | p. 205 |
| Critical-Point Drying | p. 206 |
| Freeze-Drying | p. 207 |
| p. 207 |
| p. 208 |
| Microscopy Methods Used in Surface Characterization | p. 209 |
| Surface Contour in Biological Surfaces | p. 210 |
| Special Techniques for Studies on Material Design | p. 212 |
| Ultrastructural Architecture of Micro outgrowths | p. 212 |
| Pore Canals | p. 215 |
| Fluids Occurring in the Contact Area | p. 216 |
| Material Properties of Fibrous Composites | p. 217 |
| Case Studies | |
| Samples, Sample Preparation and Tester Setup | p. 225 |
| A Biological Microsystem | p. 226 |
| Sample Aging | p. 228 |
| Case Study I: Indentation and Adhesion | p. 231 |
| Measurement Procedure | p. 231 |
| Indentation | p. 232 |
| Adhesion | p. 236 |
| The Attachment Process | p. 236 |
| The Detachment Process | p. 238 |
| Adhesive Properties of the Secretion | p. 239 |
| Case Study II: Friction | p. 243 |
| Test Setup | p. 243 |
| Results | p. 244 |
| Load Dependence and Friction Hysteresis | p. 245 |
| Anisotropy of Friction and Inner Structure | p. 247 |
| Case Study III: Material Properties | p. 251 |
| Elastic Properties | p. 251 |
| Viscoelastic Properties | p. 252 |
| Outlook | p. 255 |
| Appendix | |
| Contact Models | p. 259 |
| Capillary Theory | p. 261 |
| Glossary | p. 265 |
| List of Symbols | p. 273 |
| References | p. 277 |
| Index | p. 299 |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
