Monetizing Data

About the Authors xi

List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xvii

Preface xix

1 The Opportunity 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Rise of Data 1

1.3 Realising Data as an Opportunity 3

1.4 Our Definition of Monetising Data 5

1.5 Guidance on the Rest of the Book 6

2 About Data and Data Science 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Internal and External Sources of Data 9

2.3 Scales of Measurement and Types of Data 13

2.4 Data Dimensions 17

2.5 Quality of Data 17

2.6 Importance of Information 20

2.7 Experiments Yielding Data 21

2.8 A Data]readiness Scale for Companies 23

2.9 Data Science 27

2.10 Data Improvement Cycle 27

3 Big Data Handling, Storage and Solutions 29

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Big Data, Smart Data¢¦ 29

3.3 Big Data Solutions 31

3.4 Operational Systems supporting Business Processes 33

3.5 Analysis]based Information Systems 35

3.6 Structured Data ¢" Data Warehouses 38

3.7 Poly]structured (Unstructured) Data ¢" NoSQL Technologies 43

3.8 Data Structures and Latency 46

3.9 Data Marts 47

4 Data Mining as a Key Technique for Monetisation 49

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Population and Sample 49

4.3 Supervised and Unsupervised Methods 50

4.4 Knowledge]discovery Techniques 52

4.5 Theory of Modelling 53

4.6 The Data Mining Process 54

5 Background and Supporting Statistical Techniques 71

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 Variables 72

5.3 Key Performance Indicators 74

5.4 Taming the Data 74

5.5 Data Visualisation and Exploration of Data 77

5.6 Basic Statistics 89

5.7 Feature Selection and Reduction of Variables 100

5.8 Sampling 105

5.9 Statistical Methods for Proving Model Quality and Generalisability and Tuning Models 107

6 Data Analytics Methods for Monetisation 121

6.1 Introduction 121

6.2 Predictive Modelling Techniques 123

6.3 Pattern Detection Methods 141

6.4 Methods in practice 155

7 Monetisation of Data and Business Issues: Overview 163

7.1 Introduction 163

7.2 General Strategic Opportunities 164

7.3 Data as a Donation 166

7.4 Data as a Resource 172

7.5 Data Leading to New Business Opportunities 180

7.6 Information Brokering using Data 184

7.7 Connectivity as a Strategic Opportunity 185

7.8 Problem]solving Methodology 186

8 How to Create Profit Out of Data 187

8.1 Introduction 187

8.2 Business

8.3 Data

Product Design 196

8.4 Value of Data 197

8.5 Charging Mechanisms 199

8.6 Connectivity as an Opportunity for Streamlining a Business 201

9 Some Practicalities of Monetising Data 203

9.1 Introduction 203

9.2 Practicalities 203

9.3 Special focus on SMEs 209

9.4 Special Focus on B2B Lead Generation 214

9.5 Legal and Ethical Issues 223

9.6 Payments 231

9.7 Innovation 232

10 Case Studies 233

10.1 Job Scheduling in Utilities 236

10.2 Shipping 242

10.3 Online Sales or Mail Order 246

10.4 Intelligent Profiling with Loyalty Card Schemes 254

10.5 Social Media: A Mechanism to Collect and Use Contributor Data 262

10.6 Making a Business out of Boring Statistics 267

10.7 Social Media and Web Intelligence Services 271

10.8 Service Provider 275

10.9 Data Source 278

10.10 Industry 4.0: Metamodelling using Simulated Data 281

10.11 Industry 4.0: Modelling Pricing Data in Manufacturing 288

10.12 Monetising Data in an SME 292

10.13 Making Sense of Public Finance and Other Data 297

10.14 Benchmarking Who is the Best in the Market 299

10.15 Change of Shopping Habits Part I 302

10.16 Change of Shopping Habits Part II 308

10.17 Change of Shopping Habits Part III 311

10.18 Service Providers, Households and Facility Management 315

10.19 Insurance, Healthcare and Risk Management 319

10.20 Mobility and Connected Cars 322

10.21 Production and Automation in Industry 4.0 326

Bibliography 331

Glossary 341

Index 357