Modern Money Theory

Contents List of Illustrations Preface Box: Definitions Introduction The Basics of Modern Money Theory 1 The Basics of Macroeconomic Accounting 1.1 The basics of accounting for stocks and flows 1.2 MMT, sectoral balances, and behavior 1.3 Stocks, flows, and balance sheet: a bathtub analogy 1.4 Government budget deficits are largely nondiscretionary: the case of the Great Recession of 2007 1.5 Accounting for real versus financial 1.6 Recent US sectoral balances: Goldilocks and the global crash 2 Spending by Issuer of Domestic Currency 2.1 What is a sovereign currency? 2.2 What backs up currency and why would anyone accept it? 2.3 Taxes drive money 2.4 What if the population refuses to accept the domestic currency? 2.5 Record Keeping in the the money of account 2.6 Sovereign Currency and monetizing real assets 2.7 Sustainability conditions 3 The Domestic Monetary System: Banking and Central Banking 3.1 IOUs denominated in the national currency 3.2 Clearing and the pyramid of liabilities 3.3 Central bank operations in crisis: lender of last resort 3.4 Balance sheets of banks, monetary creation by banks, and interbank settle-ment 3.5 Exogenous interest rates and quantitative easing 3.6 The technical details of central bank and treasury coordination: the case of the Fed 3.7 Treasury debt operations 3.8 Conclusions on Fed and Treasury roles 4 Fiscal Operations in a Nation That Issues Its Own Currency 4.1 Introductory principles 4.2 Effects of sovereign government budget deficits on saving, reserves, and in-terest rates 4.3 Government budget deficits and the 'two-step' process of saving 4.4 What if foreigners hold government bonds? 4.5 Currency solvency and the special case of the US Dollar 4.6 Sovereign currency and government policy in the open economy 4.7 What about a country that adopts a foreign currency? 5 Tax Policy for Sovereign Nations 5.1 Why do we need taxes? The MMT perspective 5.2 What are taxes for? The MMT approach 5.3 Taxes for redistribution 5.4 Taxes and the public purpose 5.5 Tax bads, not goods 5.6 Bad taxes 6 Modern Money Theory and Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes 6.1 The gold standard and fixed exchange rates 6.2 Floating exchange rates 6.3 Commodity money coins? Metalism versus nominalism, from Mesopotamia to Rome 6.4 Commodity money coins? Metalism versus nominalism, after Rome 6.5 Exchange rate regimes and sovereign defaults 6.6 The Euro: the set-up of a nonsovereign currency 6.7 The crisis of the Euro 6.8 Endgame for the Euro? 6.9 Currency regimes and policy space: conclusion 7 Monetary and Fiscal Policy for Sovereign Currencies: What Should Government Do? 7.1 Just because government can afford to spend does not mean government ought to spend 7.2 The 'free' market and the public purpose 7.3 Functional finance 7.4 Functional finance versus the government budget constraint 7.5 The debate about debt limits (US case) 7.6 A budget stance for economic stability and growth 7.7 Functional finance and exchange rate regimes 7.8 Functional finance and developing nations 7.9 Exports are a cost, imports are a benefit: a functional finance approach 8 Policy for Full Employment and Price Stability 8.1 Functional finance and full employment 8.2 The JG/ELR for a developing nation 8.3 Program manageability 8.4 The JG/ELR and real world experience 8.5 The JG and inequality 8.6 Conclusions on full employment policy 8.7 MMT for Austrians: can a libertarian support the JG? 9 Inflation and sovereign currencies 9.1 Inflation and the consumer price index 9.2 Alternative explanations of hyperinflation 9.3 Real-world hyperinflations 9.4 Conclusions on hyperinflation 9.5 Conclusion: MMT and policy 10 Conclusions: Modern money theory for sovereign currencies 10.1 MMT got it right: the global financial crisis 10.2 MMT got it right: the Euro crisis 10.3 Creastionism versus redemptionism: how a money-issuer really lends and spends 10.4 Growing recognition of the need for a Job Guarantee 10.5 MMT and external constraints: to fix or to float, that is the question 10.6 A meme for money Notes Bibliography Index