Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory

1: Introduction.- 1. Towards a Theory of Mixed Categories.- 1.1. Syntactic Categories and Their Projections.- 1.2. Morphology and Syntax.- 1.3. Case.- 1.4. Movement.- 1.5. Complementation versus Relativization.- 1.6. Nominalizations as Clauses.- 1.7. Modularity and Category Theory.- 2. Overview of the Structure of Quechua.- 2: Syntactic Categories and Their Projections.- 1. Nominalized Clauses versus Main Clauses.- 1.1. Features in Common.- 1.2. Differences between Main Clauses and Nominalized Clauses.- 1.3. The Syntactic Distribution of Nominalized Clauses.- 2. Nominalizations and the Syntactic Categories of Quechua.- 2.1. Nominalized Verbs and the Major Categories of Quechua.- 2.2. Projections from Major Categories and X' Syntax.- 2.3. Parallels between N and V Projections in Quechua.- 2.3.1. AGR.- 2.3.2. Subjects in N? and V? Projections.- 2.3.2.1. Obligatoriness.- 2.3.2.2. The Distribution of PRO.- 2.3.2.3. Extraction of Subjects out of NP and S.- 2.3.2.4. Subcategorization.- 2.3.2.5. Small pro.- 2.3.2.6. Idioms.- 2.3.2.7. The Assignment of Thematic Roles.- 2.3.3. Is there a Syntactic VP?.- 2.3.3.1. VP can be Negated as a Separate Constituent.- 2.3.3.2. VP Constitutes a Domain for Case Assignment.- 2.3.3.3. Agreement.- 2.3.3.4. Complements of Perception Verbs.- 2.3.3.5. The Case Marking of Adverbs.- 3. Transcategorial Constructions.- 3.1. Review of Analyses Proposed for Transcategorial Constructions.- 3.1.1. Classical Generative Treatments of the English Gerund.- 3.1.2. The NP Dominating S Analysis.- 3.1.3. Recent Work on Transcategoriality.- 3.2. Our Analysis.- 3.2.1. Categoriality and Case.- 3.2.2. A Minimally Revised X' System.- 3.2.3. Results for Nominalized Clauses.- 3.2.4. Results for Postpositional Phrases.- 3.2.5. Local Transcategoriality.- 3.3. Lexicalization of Transcategorial Constructions.- 4. Summary.- 3: Morphology and Syntax.- 1. Quechua Nominalizations and Their Morphology.- 1.1. Nominal Morphology.- 1.2. Verbal Morphology.- 1.3. The Morphology of Nominalizations.- 2. Affixes versus Clitics.- 2.1. The Status and Expression of Case.- 2.1.1. CASE, not P.- 2.1.2. Affix, not Clitic.- 2.2. The Status of the Other Inflectional Morphemes.- 2.2.1. Person and Number are Internal to Case.- 2.2.2. Person and Number Obey the Major Category Restriction.- 2.2.3. Allomorphy and Irregularity.- 2.2.4. Gaps in the Quechua Verb Paradigm.- 2.2.5. Idiosyncratic Ordering Restrictions.- 2.2.6. Interpretation.- 3. The Lexical Entry and Its Constitution.- 4. The Lexicon and Syntax.- 4.1. Morphological Control, the Head and INFL.- 4.2. Percolation.- 4.2.1. Case.- 4.2.2. Plural.- 5. Summary.- 4: Case.- 1. Case as an X? Phenomenon.- 2. Types of Case Assignment.- 3. Structural Case Assignment.- 3.1. Subjective and Objective Case.- 3.1.1. Main and Adverbial Clauses.- 3.1.2. Nominalized Clauses.- 3.2. Analysis.- 3.2.1. The Rules of Structural Case Assignment.- 3.2.2. A Case Feature System.- 3.2.3. The o Case.- 3.2.4. Nominalized Verbs as Case Assigners.- 3.3. Conditions on Structural Case Assignment.- 3.3.1. The Adjacency Condition.- 3.3.2. The Case Resistance Principle.- 3.3.3. Government and Case Assignment.- 3.3.4. Case Assignment as Case Checking.- 4. Case Marking in Prepositional Phrases, Adjectival Phrases and Noun Phrases.- 5. The Case Filter.- 6. Summary.- 5: Move Case.- 1. Extraction Facts in Quechua.- 2. Raising as Move CASE.- 2.1. The Features of Raising.- 2.1.1. The NPs are Moved Outside of their Clause.- 2.1.2. Raising Leaves a Trace.- 2.1.3. Elements that can be Raised.- 2.1.4. Syntactic Conditions on Raising.- 2.2. Analysis of Raising Phenomena.- 2.2.1. Case Assignment to Raised NPs.- 2.2.2. A COMP-like CASE Position.- 2.2.3. Raising and Case Assignment into COMP.- 2.2.4. Raising as Move CASE.- 2.3. Case Theory and ?-Theory.- 2.3.1. Case Assignment without ?-Role Assignment by the Verb.- 2.3.2. Double Case Marking and the Uniqueness Criterion.- 2.3.3. Case is a Feature of Maximal Projections; ?- Roles are a Feature of Heads.- 2.3.4. Case Marking ?-Connectedness.- 3. Wh-movement as Move CASE.- 4. Move CASE and the Non-Configurational Properties of Quechua.- 5. Summary.- 6: Complementation Versus Relativization.- 1. The Structure of Relative Clauses.- 1.1. Problems Raised by the Construction.- 1.2. Time Reference.- 1.3. Headless Relatives: S' or NP?.- 1.4. Headed and Headless Relative Clauses Related through Raising?.- 1.5. COMP as a Possible Position for the Understood Head.- 2. -q Relatives and Other -q Clauses.- 2.1. General Structure.- 2.2. The Position of the -q Clauses within the Matrix.- 2.3. Case Marking.- 2.4. -q Interpretation.- 3. Non-Subject Relative Clauses.- 3.1. Non-Subject Relatives and -na-/-sqa- Complements.- 3.2. The Position of the Understood Head and Case Floating Phenomenaq.- 3.3. The Position of -na-/-sqa- Relative Clauses within the Sentence and the Projection Principle.- 3.4. Why can there be no Subject Relative Clauses Formed with -na-/-sqa-?.- 3.5. Concluding Remarks.- 4. Free Relatives.- 4.1. Structure.- 4.2. Islandhood.- 4.3. Interpretation.- 5. Summary.- 7: Nominalized Clauses as Propositions.- 1. Clause Typology.- 1.1. Approaches in the Literature.- 1.2. Quechua Clause Types.- 2. Propositionality and AUX.- 2.1. There are no Lexical Auxiliaries in Quechua.- 2.2. The Quechua Tense / Aspect / Mood System.- 2.2.1. Tense.- 2.2.2. Aspect.- 2.2.3. Mood.- 2.3. Negation.- 2.4. Validators and AUX.- 2.5. AUX in Main versus Subordinate Clauses.- 3. Types of Tense in Quechua.- 3.1. The Formal Representation of Tense in Quechua.- 3.2. R-Transparency and T-Transparency.- 3.3. A Binding Theory for Tense in Quechua and the Structure of INFL.- 4. Clauses without INFL: Restructuring Verbs.- 4.1. Diagnostic Properties.- 4.1.1. Object Marker Climbing.- 4.1.2. NP Scrambling.- 4.1.3. Wh-Movement.- 4.1.4. Quantifier Float.- 4.1.5. Validation.- 4.1.6. Negation.- 4.1.7. Case Marking.- 4.1.8. Analysis.- 4.2. Verb Cluster Properties.- 4.2.1. What is the Nature of the Requirement of Adjacency of the Two Verbs?.- 4.2.2. Do the Two Verbs Form One Lexical Entry?.- 4.2.3. Do the Two Verbs Form One Thematic Unit?.- 4.2.4. A Syntactic Account of Restructuring.- 5. Predication and the Complements of Perception Verbs.- 6. Typology of Clauses Revisited.- 7. Summary.- 8: Module Interaction and Category Theory.- 8.1. Listing the Properties of Quechua.- 8.2. Relating these Properties to Each Other: Module Interaction.- General References.- Index of Names.