Minds, Brains, and Computers

Preface viii

Part I The Mind as Computer 1

Introduction 3

1. A History of Thinking 8
D. Dellarosa Cummins

2. Minds and Machines20
H. Putnam

3. Semantic Engines: An Introduction to Mind Design 34
J. Haugeland

4. The Language of Thought: First Approximations 51
J. A. Fodor

5. Vision 69
D. Marr

6. GPS, A Program that Simulates Human Thought 84
A. Newell and H. Simon

7. A Procedural Model of Language Understanding 95
T. Winograd

8. A General Learning Theory and its Application to Schema Abstraction 114
J. R. Anderson and P. J. Kline, and C. M. Beasley, Jr

9. Minds, Brains, and Programs 140
J. R. Searle

10. Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence 153
M. Turing

Part II The Mind as Neural Network 169

Introduction 171

11. The Perceptron A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brian 179
F. Rosenblatt

12. Cognitive Activity in Artificial Neural Networks 198
P. M. Churchland

13. Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity 217
D. Marr and T. Poggio

14. On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs 225
D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland

15. Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text 259
T. J. Sejnowski and C. R. Rosenberg

16. Connectionism and the Problem of Systematicity Why Smolensky's Solution Won't Work 273
J. A. Fodor and B. P. McLaughlin

17. Connectionism, Constituency, and the Language of Thought 286
P. Smolensky

18. Rules and Connections in Human Language 307
S. Pinker and A. Prince

Part III The Mind as Brain 319

Introduction 321

19. The Organization of Behavior 323
D. O. Hebb

20. In Search of the Engram 333
K. Lashley

21. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity 351
W. S. McCulloch and W. H. Pitts

22. Is Consciousness a Brain Process? 361
U. T. Place

23. The Computational Brain: Anatomical and Physiological Techniques 367
P. S. Churchland and T. J. Sejnowski

24. What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain 382
J. Y. Lettvin, H. K. Maturana, W. S. McCulloch, and W. H. Pitts

25. Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Cortical Anatomy of Single-word Processing 397
S. E. Petersen, P. T. Fox, M. I. Posner, M. Minton, and M. E. Raichle

26. Computational Neuroscience 405
T. J. Sejnowski, C. Koch, and P. S. Churchland

27. Two Cortical Visual Systems 420
L. G. Ungerleider and M. Mishkin

Part IV Special Topics 445

Introduction 447

28. Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas 452
N. Chomsky

29. The 'Innateness Hypothesis' and the Explanatory Models in Linguistics 458
H. Putnam

30. Linguistics and Philosophy 464
N. Chomsky

31. Initial Knowledge Six Suggestions 484
E. Spelke

32. Pr©cis of the Modularity of Mind 493
J. A. Fodor

33. Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes 500
P. M. Churchland

34. The Social Function of Intellect 513
N. Humphrey

35. Origins of Domain Specificity: The Evolution of Functional Organization 523
L. Cosmides and J. Tooby

Index 544