Microphone Arrays

Signal Processing Techniques and Applications

By: Michael Brandstein (Editor), Darren Ward (Editor)

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Hardcover | 2 May 2001

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420 Pages

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The study and implementation of microphone arrays originated over 20 years ago. Thanks to the research and experimental developments pursued to the present day, the field has matured to the point that array-based technology now has immediate applicability to a number of current systems and a vast potential for the improvement of existing products and the creation of future devices. In putting this book together, our goal was to provide, for the first time, a single complete reference on microphone arrays. We invited the top re- searchers in the field to contribute articles addressing their specific topic(s) of study. The reception we received from our colleagues was quite enthusi- astic and very encouraging. There was the general consensus that a work of this kind was well overdue. The results provided in this collection cover the current state of the art in microphone array research, development, and technological application. This text is organized into four sections which roughly follow the major areas of microphone array research today. Parts I and II are primarily the- oretical in nature and emphasize the use of microphone arrays for speech enhancement and source localization, respectively. Part III presents a num- ber of specific applications of array-based technology. Part IV addresses some open questions and explores the future of the field.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Acoustic & Sound Engineering Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Science Physics Classical Mathematics Wave Mechanics including Vibration & Acoustics

Applied Optics Imaging Systems & Technology Electronics Engineering

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Paperback

Published: 4th December 2010

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Speech Enhancement
Constant Directivity Beamforming	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Problem Formulation	p. 6
Theoretical Solution	p. 7
Continuous sensor	p. 7
Beam-shaping function	p. 8
Practical Implementation	p. 9
Dimension-reducing parameterization	p. 9
Reference beam-shaping filter	p. 11
Sensor placement	p. 12
Summary of implementation	p. 12
Examples	p. 13
Conclusions	p. 16
References	p. 16
Superdirective Microphone Arrays	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Evaluation of Beamformers	p. 20
Array-Gain	p. 21
Beampattern	p. 22
Directivity	p. 23
Front-to-Back Ratio	p. 24
White Noise Gain	p. 24
Design of Superdirective Beamformers	p. 24
Delay-and-Sum Beamformer	p. 26
Design for spherical isotropic noise	p. 26
Design for Cylindrical Isotropic Noise	p. 30
Design for an Optimal Front-to-Back Ratio	p. 30
Design for Measured Noise Fields	p. 32
Extensions and Details	p. 33
Alternative Form	p. 33
Comparison with Gradient Microphones	p. 35
Conclusion	p. 36
References	p. 37
Post-Filtering Techniques	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Multi-channel Wiener Filtering in Subbands	p. 41
Derivation of the Optimum Solution	p. 41
Factorization of the Wiener Solution	p. 42
Interpretation	p. 45
Algorithms for Post-Filter Estimation	p. 46
Analysis of Post-Filter Algorithms	p. 47
Properties of Post-Filter Algorithms	p. 49
A New Post-Filter Algorithm	p. 50
Performance Evaluation	p. 51
Simulation System	p. 52
Objective Measures	p. 52
Simulation Results	p. 54
Conclusion	p. 57
Spatial Coherence Functions for Differential Microphones in Isotropic Noise Fields	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Adaptive Noise Cancellation	p. 61
Spherically Isotropic Coherence	p. 65
Cylindrically Isotropic Fields	p. 73
Conclusions	p. 77
References	p. 84
Robust Adaptive Beamforming	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
Adaptive Beamformers	p. 88
Robustness Problem in the GJBF	p. 90
Robust Adaptive Microphone Arrays - Solutions to Steering-Vector Errors	p. 92
LAF-LAF Structure	p. 92
CCAF-LAF Structure	p. 94
CCAF-NCAF Structure	p. 95
CCAF-NCAF Structure with an AMC	p. 97
Software Evaluation of a Robust Adaptive Microphone Array	p. 99
Simulated Anechoic Environment	p. 99
Reverberant Environment	p. 101
Hardware Evaluation of a Robust Adaptive Microphone Array	p. 104
Implementation	p. 104
Evaluation in a Real Environment	p. 104
Conclusion	p. 106
References	p. 106
GSVD-Based Optimal Filtering for Multi-Microphone Speech Enhancement	p. 1ll
Introduction	p. 111
GSVD-Based Optimal Filtering Technique	p. 113
Optimal Filter Theory	p. 114
General Class of Estimators	p. 116
Symmetry Properties for Time-Series Filtering	p. 117
Performance of GSVD-Based Optimal Filtering	p. 118
Simulation Environment	p. 118
Spatial Directivity Pattern	p. 119
Noise Reduction Performance	p. 121
Robustness Issues	p. 121
Complexity Reduction	p. 122
Linear Algebra Techniques for Computing GSVD	p. 122
Recursive and Approximate GSVD-Updating Algorithms	p. 123
Downsampling Techniques	p. 125
Simulations	p. 125
Computational Complexity	p. 126
Combination with ANC Postprocessing Stage	p. 127
Creation of Speech and Noise References	p. 127
Noise Reduction Performance of ANC Postprocessing Stage	p. 128
Comparison with Standard Beamforming Techniques	p. 129
Conclusion	p. 129
References	p. 130
Explicit Speech Modeling for Microphone Array Speech Acquisition	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Model-Based Strategies	p. 136
Example 1: A Frequency-Domain Model-Based Algorithm	p. 137
Example 2: A Time-Domain Model-Based Algorithm	p. 140
Conclusion	p. 148
References	p. 151
Source Localization
Robust Localization in Reverberant Rooms	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Source Localization Strategies	p. 158
Steered-Beamformer-Based Locators	p. 159
High-Resolution Spectral-Estimation-Based Locators	p. 160
TDOA-Based Locators	p. 161
A Robust Localization Algorithm	p. 164
The Impulse Response Model	p. 164
The GCC and PHAT Weighting Function	p. 166
ML TDOA-Based Source Localization	p. 167
SRP-Based Source Localization	p. 169
The SRP-PHAT Algorithm	p. 170
Experimental Comparison	p. 172
References	p. 178
Multi-Source Localization Strategies	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Background	p. 184
Array Signal Model	p. 184
Incoherent Approach	p. 185
Coherent Signal Subspace Method (CSSM)	p. 185
Wideband Weighted Subspace Fitting (WB-WSF)	p. 186
The Issue of Coherent Multipath in Array Processing	p. 187
Implementation Issues	p. 188
Linear Prediction-ROOT-MUSIC TDOA Estimation	p. 189
Signal Pre-Whitening	p. 189
An Approximate Model for Multiple Sources in Reverberant Environments	p. 191
Robust TDOA Estimation via ROOT-MUSIC	p. 192
Estimation of the Number of Relevant Reflections	p. 194
Source Clustering	p. 195
Experimental Results	p. 196
References	p. 198
Joint Audio-Video Signal Processing for Object Localiza-tion and Tracking	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Recursive State Estimation	p. 205
Linear Kalman Filter	p. 206
Extended Kalman Filter due to a Measurement Nonlinearity	p. 210
Decentralized Kalman Filter	p. 212
Implementation	p. 218
System description	p. 218
Results	p. 219
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 221
References	p. 222
Applications
Microphone-Array Hearing Aids	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Implications for Design and Evaluation	p. 230
Assumptions Regarding Sound Sources	p. 230
Implementation Issues	p. 231
Assessing Performance	p. 232
Hearing Aids with Directional Microphones	p. 233
Fixed-Beamforming Hearing Aids	p. 234
Adaptive-Beamforming Hearing Aids	p. 235
Generalized Sidelobe Canceler with Modifications	p. 236
Scaled Projection Algorithm	p. 242
Direction of Arrival Estimation	p. 243
Other Adaptive Approaches and Devices	p. 243
Physiologically-Motivated Algorithms	p. 244
Beamformers with Binaural Outputs	p. 245
Discussion	p. 246
References	p. 249
Small Microphone Arrays with Postfilters for Noise and Acoustic Echo Reduction Rainer Martin	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Coherence of Speech and Noise	p. 257
The Magnitude Squared Coherence	p. 257
The Reverberation Distance	p. 258
Coherence of Noise and Speech in Reverberant Enclosures	p. 259
Analysis of the Wiener Filter with Symmetric Input Signals	p. 263
No Near End Speech	p. 265
High Signal to Noise Ratio	p. 265
A Noise Reduction Application	p. 266
An Implementation Based on the NLMS Algorithm	p. 266
Processing in the 800 - 3600 Hz Band	p. 268
Processing in the 240 - 800 Hz Band	p. 269
Evaluation	p. 269
Alternative Implementations of the Coherence Based Postfilter	p. 271
Combined Noise and Acoustic Echo Reduction	p. 271
Expermental Results	p. 274
Conclusions	p. 275
References	p. 276
Acoustic Echo Cancellation for Beamforming Microphone Arrays	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Acoustic Echo Cancellation	p. 282
Adaptation algorithms	p. 284
AEC for multi-channel sound reproduction	p. 287
AEC for multi-channel acquisition	p. 287
Beamforming	p. 288
General structure	p. 288
Time-invariant beamforming	p. 290
Time-varying beamforming	p. 291
Computational complexity	p. 292
Generic structures for combining AEC with beamforming	p. 292
Motivation	p. 292
Basic options	p. 293
AEC first	p. 293
Beamforming first	p. 296
Integration of AEC into time-varying beamforming	p. 297
Cascading time-invariant and time-varying beamforming	p. 297
AEC with GSC-type beamforming structures	p. 301
Combined AEC and beamforming for multi-channel recording and multi-channel reproduction	p. 302
Conclusions	p. 303
References	p. 303
Optimal and Adaptive Microphone Arrays for Speech In-put in Automobiles	p. 307
Introduction: Hands-Free Telephony in Cars	p. 307
Optimum and Adaptive Beamforming	p. 309
Common Signal Modeling	p. 309
Constrained Minimum Variance Beamforming and the Gen-eralized Sidelobe Canceler	p. 310
In Situ Calibrated Microphone Array (ICMA)	p. 312
Time-Domain Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Solution	p. 313
Frequency-Domain Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Solution	p. 314
Optimal Near-Field Signal-to-Noise plus Interference Beam-former	p. 316
Subband Implementation of the Microphone Array	p. 317
Description of LS-Subband Beamforming	p. 318
Multi-Resorution Time-Frequency Adaptive Beamforming	p. 319
Memory Saving and Improvements	p. 319
Evaluation and Examples	p. 320
Car Environment	p. 320
Microphone Configurations	p. 321
Performance Measures	p. 321
Spectral Performance Measures	p. 322
Evaluation on car data	p. 323
Evaluation Results	p. 323
Summary and Conclusions	p. 324
References	p. 326
Speech Recognition with Microphone Arrays	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
State of the Art	p. 332
Automatic Speech Recognition	p. 332
Robustness in ASR	p. 336
Microphone Arrays and Related Processing for ASR	p. 337
Distant-Talker Speech Recognition	p. 339
A Microphone Array-Based ASR System	p. 342
System Description	p. 342
Speech Corpora and Task	p. 345
Experiments and Results	p. 346
Discussion and Future Trends	p. 348
References	p. 349
Blind Separation of Acoustic Signals	p. 355
Introduction	p. 355
The Cocktail Party Effect	p. 355
Chapter Overview	p. 356
Blind Signal Separation of Convolutive Mixtures	p. 357
Problem Structure	p. 357
Goal of Convolutive BSS	p. 359
Relationship to Other Problems	p. 360
Criteria for Blind Signal Separation	p. 362
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Microphone Arrays

Signal Processing Techniques and Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

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How to return your order

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