Preface | p. xiii |
Prologue | p. 1 |
Morphology, evolutionary history and recent distribution | p. 6 |
Introduction | p. 6 |
Morphology | p. 6 |
Evolutionary origins and relationships | p. 16 |
Paleontological diversity | p. 20 |
Distribution of extant species | p. 21 |
Food and other habitat resources | p. 30 |
Introduction | p. 30 |
Food | p. 30 |
Water and other habitat needs | p. 45 |
Comparisons with smaller ungulates | p. 50 |
Space--time patterns of habitat use | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
Temporal patterning of activities | p. 53 |
Utilization of space | p. 61 |
Comparisons with smaller ungulates | p. 67 |
Body size and nutritional physiology | p. 69 |
Introduction | p. 69 |
Metabolic requirements | p. 70 |
Gut anatomy | p. 71 |
Food intake and digestion | p. 72 |
Body size and feeding ecology | p. 82 |
Introduction | p. 82 |
Diet quality | p. 82 |
Foraging time | p. 87 |
Home range extent | p. 95 |
Trophic ecology of megaherbivores: summary | p. 98 |
Social organization and behavior | p. 101 |
Introduction | p. 101 |
Group structure | p. 101 |
Male dominance relations | p. 109 |
Courtship and mating | p. 116 |
Responses to predators | p. 124 |
Comparisons with smaller ungulates | p. 131 |
Life history | p. 133 |
Introduction | p. 133 |
Infancy and juvenilehood | p. 133 |
Adolescence and puberty | p. 138 |
Reproduction by females | p. 144 |
Reproduction by males | p. 151 |
Mortality and lifespan | p. 152 |
Comparisons with smaller ungulates | p. 159 |
Body size and sociobiology | p. 160 |
Introduction | p. 160 |
Grouping patterns | p. 160 |
Male dominance systems | p. 167 |
Female mate choice | p. 177 |
Summary | p. 179 |
Body size and reproductive patterns | p. 181 |
Introduction | p. 181 |
Seasonality of reproduction | p. 183 |
Age at first conception | p. 185 |
Birth intervals | p. 186 |
Maternal investment in reproduction | p. 190 |
Offspring sex ratio | p. 195 |
Summary | p. 198 |
Demography | p. 200 |
Introduction | p. 200 |
Population structure | p. 200 |
Population growth | p. 212 |
Population density and biomass | p. 221 |
Comparisons with smaller ungulates | p. 225 |
Community interactions | p. 226 |
Introduction | p. 226 |
Impact on vegetation | p. 226 |
Effects on other large herbivores | p. 239 |
Comparisons with smaller ungulates | p. 245 |
Body size and population regulation | p. 246 |
Introduction | p. 246 |
Demographic models | p. 248 |
Interactions with vegetation | p. 257 |
Dispersal | p. 260 |
Summary | p. 264 |
Body size and ecosystem processes | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
Biomass levels | p. 265 |
Energy flux | p. 274 |
Nutrient cycling | p. 277 |
Ecosystem stability and disturbance | p. 278 |
Late Pleistocene extinctions | p. 280 |
Introduction | p. 280 |
Pattern of extinctions | p. 281 |
Climatic change | p. 284 |
Human predation | p. 289 |
The role of megaherbivores | p. 292 |
Summary | p. 296 |
Conservation | p. 297 |
Introduction | p. 297 |
Conservation objectives | p. 298 |
Problems of overabundance | p. 299 |
Problems of overexploitation | p. 307 |
Summary | p. 308 |
Epilogue: the megaherbivore syndrome | p. 309 |
Faunal patterns | p. 309 |
Social and life history patterns | p. 312 |
Demographic patterns | p. 313 |
Community and ecosystem patterns | p. 314 |
Appendixes | p. 317 |
Appendix I | p. 317 |
Appendix II | p. 325 |
References | p. 331 |
Index | p. 364 |
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