
Matrix-Based Multigrid
Theory and Applications
By: Yair Shapira
Hardcover | 2 July 2008 | Edition Number 2
At a Glance
344 Pages
Revised
23.5 x 16.51 x 2.54
Hardcover
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This book introduces and analyzes the multigrid approach for the numerical solution of large sparse linear systems arising from the discretization of elliptic partial differential equations. Special attention is given to the powerful matrix-based-multigrid approach, which is particularly useful for problems with variable coefficients and nonsymmetric and indefinite problems. This approach applies not only to model problems on rectangular grids but also to more realistic applications with complicated grids and domains and discontinuous coefficients.
Matrix-Based Multigrid can be used as a textbook in courses in numerical analysis, numerical linear algebra, and numerical PDEs at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels in computer science, math, and applied math departments. The theory is written in simple algebraic terms and therefore requires preliminary knowledge in basic linear algebra and calculus only. Because it is self contained and includes useful exercises, the book is also suitable for self study by research students, researchers, engineers, and others interested in the numerical solution of partial differential equations.
Industry Reviews
From the reviews of the second edition:
"Shapira delivers a systematic and unified presentation of the multigrid method that is used for the efficient solution of partial differential equations. ... The notations are consistent and the presentation is self-contained. The book is recommended to readers involved in the field of computational science and engineering, from the postgraduate to the expert level. Additionally, the book is suitable for courses in numerical analysis, numerical linear algebra, scientific computing, and numerical solution of partial differential equations." (George A. Gravvanis, ACM Computing Reviews, May, 2009)
"This book provides an introduction into this area. Basically, it presupposes only a sound knowledge of analysis and linear algebra and introduces all other necessary concepts on its own. ... Many exercises are included. The presentation is well suited for seminars in this area." (H. Muthsam, Monatshefte f¼r Mathematik, Vol. 156 (3), March, 2009)
| Preface | p. xxi |
| Concepts and Preliminaries | |
| The Multilevel-Multiscale Approach | p. 5 |
| The Multilevel-Multiscale Concept | p. 5 |
| The Integer Number | p. 6 |
| Division of Integers | p. 8 |
| The Greatest Common Divisor | p. 9 |
| Multilevel Refinement | p. 10 |
| Example in Computer Science | p. 10 |
| Multilevel in Mathematical Logic | p. 11 |
| Multilevel in Language | p. 11 |
| Multilevel Programming | p. 12 |
| Object-Oriented Programming | p. 12 |
| Example in Data Structures | p. 13 |
| The Sorting Problem | p. 13 |
| Parallelism | p. 13 |
| Self-Similarity | p. 14 |
| The Wavelet Transform | p. 14 |
| Mathematical Induction and Recursion | p. 14 |
| The Tower Problem | p. 15 |
| The Parallel Product Algorithm | p. 17 |
| Multilevel in Statistics | p. 18 |
| Multilevel in Music | p. 19 |
| Exercises | p. 19 |
| Preliminaries | p. 23 |
| Preliminary Notation and Definitions | p. 23 |
| Application in Pivoting | p. 31 |
| Standard Lemmas about Symmetric Matrices | p. 31 |
| The Fourier Transform | p. 38 |
| Exercises | p. 41 |
| Partial Differential Equations and Their Discretization | |
| Finite Differences and Volumes | p. 49 |
| Elliptic PDEs | p. 49 |
| The Diffusion Equation | p. 50 |
| The Finite-Difference Discretization Method | p. 51 |
| Error Estimate | p. 53 |
| Finite Differences for the Poisson Equation | p. 54 |
| Error Estimate for Diffusion Problems | p. 55 |
| The Indefinite Helmholtz Equation | p. 55 |
| Adequate Discretization of the Helmholtz Equation | p. 57 |
| Adequate Discretization of Highly Anisotropic Equations | p. 59 |
| Oblique Anisotropy | p. 60 |
| Finite Differences for the Convection-Diffusion Equation | p. 61 |
| The Finite-Volume Discretization Method | p. 63 |
| Exercises | p. 65 |
| Finite Elements | p. 67 |
| The Finite-Element Discretization Method | p. 67 |
| The Weak Formulation | p. 67 |
| The Discrete Weak Formulation | p. 69 |
| Bilinear Finite Elements | p. 71 |
| Triangulation | p. 72 |
| Diagonal Dominance in the Isotropic Case | p. 74 |
| Diagonal Dominance in the Anisotropic Case | p. 76 |
| Locally Refined Meshes | p. 77 |
| The Refinement Step | p. 78 |
| Adaptive Mesh Refinement | p. 80 |
| Exercises | p. 82 |
| The Numerical Solution of Large Sparse Linear Systems | |
| Iterative Linear System Solvers | p. 89 |
| Iterative Sparse Linear System Solvers | p. 89 |
| Relaxation Methods | p. 90 |
| The Jacobi Relaxation Method | p. 90 |
| The Damped Jacobi Relaxation Method | p. 91 |
| The Block Jacobi Relaxation Method | p. 91 |
| The Gauss-Seidel Relaxation Method | p. 91 |
| The Block-Gauss-Seidel Relaxation Method | p. 92 |
| Reordering by Colors | p. 92 |
| Four-Color Reordering | p. 95 |
| Cache-Oriented Reordering | p. 96 |
| Symmetric Gauss-Seidel Relaxation | p. 99 |
| The Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method | p. 100 |
| Incomplete LU Factorization (ILU) | p. 102 |
| Parallelizable ILU Version | p. 102 |
| Nonsymmetric and Indefinite Problems | p. 104 |
| Numerical Comparison | p. 105 |
| The Normal Equations | p. 106 |
| Exercises | p. 106 |
| The Multigrid Iteration | p. 109 |
| The Two-Grid Method | p. 109 |
| Transfer and Coarse-Grid Operators | p. 112 |
| The Multigrid Method | p. 112 |
| Geometric Multigrid | p. 114 |
| Variational Multigrid | p. 115 |
| Domain Decomposition and Variational Multigrid | p. 116 |
| Domain Decomposition and Black-Box Multigrid | p. 118 |
| Domain Decomposition and Algebraic Multigrid | p. 120 |
| The Algebraic Multilevel Method | p. 122 |
| Algebraic Multigrid | p. 124 |
| Semicoarsening | p. 126 |
| Exercises | p. 128 |
| Multigrid for Structured Grids | |
| Automatic Multigrid | p. 135 |
| Properties of the AutoMUG Method | p. 135 |
| Cyclic Reduction | p. 136 |
| The Two-Dimensional Case | p. 137 |
| Definition of the AutoMUG Method | p. 138 |
| The AutoMUG(q) Version | p. 141 |
| Exercises | p. 143 |
| Applications in Image Processing | p. 145 |
| The Denoising Problem | p. 145 |
| The Denoising Algorithm for Grayscale Images | p. 146 |
| The Denoising Algorithm for Color Images | p. 147 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 149 |
| Exercises | p. 152 |
| Black-Box Multigrid | p. 155 |
| Definition of Black-Box Multigrid | p. 155 |
| Improvements in Diffusion Problems | p. 156 |
| Using the Right Hand Side | p. 159 |
| Improvement for Problems with Discontinuous Coefficients | p. 160 |
| Exercise | p. 164 |
| The Indefinite Helmholtz Equation | p. 165 |
| Multigrid for the Indefinite Helmholtz Equation | p. 165 |
| Improved Prolongation | p. 166 |
| Improved Black-Box Multigrid | p. 167 |
| Computational Two-Level Analysis | p. 168 |
| Multiple Coarse-Grid Corrections | p. 171 |
| The Size of the Coarsest Grid | p. 174 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 175 |
| Exercises | p. 178 |
| Matrix-Based Semicoarsening | p. 183 |
| The Semicoarsening Approach | p. 183 |
| Flow of Information in Elliptic PDEs | p. 184 |
| Multilevel Line Reordering | p. 185 |
| Block-ILU Factorization | p. 187 |
| The Domain-Decomposition Direct Solver | p. 189 |
| Reordered Block-ILU Factorization | p. 192 |
| Matrix-Based Semicoarsening | p. 193 |
| A Deblurring Problem | p. 195 |
| Exercises | p. 197 |
| Multigrid for Semistructured Grids | |
| Multigrid for Locally Refined Meshes | p. 203 |
| Multigrid and Hierarchical-Basis Linear System Solvers | p. 203 |
| The Two-Level Method | p. 204 |
| Matrix-Induced Inner Products and Norms | p. 210 |
| Properties of the Two-Level Method | p. 211 |
| Isotropic Diffusion Problems | p. 214 |
| Instability and Local Anisotropy | p. 216 |
| The Multilevel Method | p. 216 |
| Upper Bound for the Condition Number | p. 218 |
| Exercises | p. 221 |
| Application to Semistructured Grids | p. 223 |
| Semistructured Grids | p. 223 |
| The V-Cycle | p. 224 |
| The AFAC and AFACx Cycles | p. 224 |
| The Numerical Examples | p. 226 |
| Scaling the Coefficient Matrix | p. 230 |
| A Black-Box Multigrid Version | p. 232 |
| Exercises | p. 233 |
| Multigrid for Unstructured Grids | |
| Domain Decomposition | p. 239 |
| The Domain-Decomposition Approach | p. 239 |
| The Domain-Decomposition Multigrid Method | p. 240 |
| Upper-Bound for the Condition Number | p. 244 |
| High-Order Finite Elements and Spectral Elements | p. 245 |
| Exercises | p. 247 |
| The Algebraic Multilevel Method | p. 249 |
| The Need for Algebraic Multilevel Methods | p. 249 |
| The Algebraic Multilevel Method | p. 250 |
| The Coarsening Procedure | p. 251 |
| The Transfer and Coarse-Level Matrices | p. 252 |
| The Relaxation Method | p. 254 |
| Properties of the Two-Level Method | p. 255 |
| Properties of the Multilevel Method | p. 256 |
| Upper-Bound for the Condition Number | p. 256 |
| The Approximate Schur Complement Method | p. 258 |
| Exercises | p. 258 |
| Applications | p. 261 |
| Highly Anisotropic Equations | p. 261 |
| Two-Step Jacobi Relaxation | p. 262 |
| The Maxwell Equations | p. 263 |
| The Convection-Diffusion Equation | p. 264 |
| ILU Relaxation | p. 267 |
| Towards Algebraic Semicoarsening | p. 268 |
| A Diffusion Problem in a Complicated Domain | p. 268 |
| Exercises | p. 271 |
| Semialgebraic Multilevel for Systems of PDEs | p. 273 |
| Semialgebraic Multilevel Methods | p. 273 |
| Standard Differential Operators | p. 274 |
| The Linear Elasticity Equations | p. 275 |
| The Weak Formulation | p. 275 |
| The Finite-Element Discretization | p. 276 |
| The Semialgebraic Multilevel Preconditioner | p. 277 |
| Preconditioner for the Stokes Equations | p. 278 |
| The Reduced Linear Elasticity Equations | p. 280 |
| Towards Problems with Constraints | p. 281 |
| Towards Semialgebraic Block Lumping | p. 282 |
| A Domain-Decomposition Two-Level Method | p. 283 |
| Exercises | p. 285 |
| Appendices | |
| Time-Dependent Parabolic PDEs | p. 293 |
| Parabolic PDEs | p. 293 |
| The Parabolic Diffusion Equation | p. 293 |
| The Weak Formulation | p. 294 |
| The Semi-Implicit Time Discretization | p. 294 |
| The Finite-Element Discretization | p. 295 |
| Stability Analysis | p. 296 |
| Accuracy of the Numerical Scheme | p. 299 |
| The Algebraic Multilevel Preconditioner | p. 299 |
| Nonlinear Equations | p. 301 |
| Nonlinear PDEs | p. 301 |
| The Residual Equation | p. 301 |
| Defect Correction | p. 302 |
| Geometric Multigrid | p. 303 |
| The Newton Iteration | p. 304 |
| References | p. 305 |
| Index | p. 313 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780387497648
ISBN-10: 0387497641
Series: Numerical Methods and Algorithms
Published: 2nd July 2008
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 344
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Edition Number: 2
Edition Type: Revised
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 16.51 x 2.54
Weight (kg): 0.66
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