Managing Forest Ecosystems

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Statistical Prerequisites. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Scales and units of measurement. 2.3 Graphical presentation of data. 2.4 Descriptive statistics. 2.5 Probability distributions. 2.6 Estimation. 2.7 Regression and correlation analysis. 2.8 Moving average. 2.9 Smoothening by fitting equations. 2.10 Freehand fitting. 3. Instruments. 3.1 Diameter measuring instruments. 3.2 Relascopes and prisms. 3.3 Tree height. 3.4 Blume-Leiss range-traces drum. 3.5 Tree crown and foliage. 3.6 Short-term radial growth responses. 3.7 Increment cores. 3.8 Bark thickness. 3.9 Recent developments in instrumentation. 4. Single Tree Measurements. 4.1 Measurements on standing trees. 4.2 Volume, log classes and weight of felled trees. 5. Measurement of Stands. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Age. 5.3 Mean diameter. 5.4 Diameter distributions. 5.5 Stand tables. 5.6 Stand height. 5.7 Stand volume. 5.8 Spatial distribution of trees. 5.9 Stand density. 6. Taper Tables and Functions. 6.1 Taper tables. 6.2 Stem profile models. 7. Tree Volume Tables and Equations. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Volume equations with one predictor variable. 7.3 Equations with two predictor variables. 7.4 Equations with more than two predictor variables. 7.5 Merchantable volume. 8. Tree and Stand Biomass. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Biomass components. 8.3 Tree level regression models. 8.4 Additivity of biomass components. 8.5 Dummy-variables for tree species. 8.6 Ratio estimators and cluster sampling. 9. Growth and Yield. 9.1 Definitions. 9.2 The growth of single trees. 9.3 Site class and site index. 9.4 The growth of stands. 10. Sampling for Forest Inventories. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Plot sampling. 10.3 Point sampling. 10.4 Simple random sampling. 10.5 Error propagation. 10.6 Stratified random sampling. 10.7 Regression and ratio estimators. 10.8 Double sampling (Two-phase sampling). 10.9 Cluster sampling. 10.10 Multistage sampling. 10.11 Strip sampling. 10.12 Sampling with unequal selection probabilities. 10.13 Systematic sampling. 10.14 Sampling proportions. 10.15 Estimating changes. 10.16 Line intersect sampling. 11. Remote Sensing in Forest Mensuration. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamentals of aerial photography. 11.3 Dendrometric data. 11.4 Estimation of stand volume. 11.5 The estimation of volume increment. Appendix. A. Symbols, Greek letter. B. Diameter data of sampling trees. C. Sample tree data for fitting stand height curves. D. Conversion factors for linear, square, cubic and weight measures. Bibliography. Index.