| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction to Systems Engineering | p. 1 |
| What Is a System? | p. 2 |
| System Life Cycle | p. 5 |
| Acquisition Phase | p. 6 |
| Utilization Phase | p. 8 |
| What Is Systems Engineering? | p. 9 |
| Requirements Engineering | p. 10 |
| Top-Down Approach | p. 10 |
| Focus on Life Cycle | p. 11 |
| System Optimization and Balance | p. 13 |
| Integration of Disciplines and Specialties | p. 14 |
| Management | p. 14 |
| Systems Engineering Relevance | p. 15 |
| Systems Engineering Benefits | p. 16 |
| Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation | p. 18 |
| Analysis | p. 19 |
| Synthesis | p. 20 |
| Evaluation | p. 20 |
| A Systems Engineering Framework | p. 21 |
| Systems Engineering Processes | p. 23 |
| Systems Engineering Management | p. 23 |
| Systems Engineering Tools | p. 23 |
| Related Disciplines | p. 24 |
| Endnotes | p. 24 |
| Conceptual Design | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Identify Stakeholder Requirements | p. 30 |
| Stakeholder-Requirements Document | p. 30 |
| Identify Stakeholders | p. 32 |
| Identify Project and Enterprise Constraints | p. 33 |
| Identify External Constraints | p. 34 |
| Define Need, Goals, and Objectives | p. 34 |
| Define Operational Scenarios | p. 35 |
| Define Measures of Effectiveness | p. 36 |
| Define Life-Cycle Concepts | p. 36 |
| Confirm SRD Structure | p. 36 |
| Scoping the System | p. 38 |
| Populate SRD | p. 40 |
| SRD Endorsement | p. 40 |
| Traceability | p. 41 |
| System-Feasibility Analysis | p. 41 |
| System-Requirements Analysis | p. 43 |
| Establish Requirements Framework | p. 45 |
| Define Functional Requirements | p. 47 |
| Define Performance Requirements | p. 49 |
| Define Verification Requirements | p. 50 |
| Assign Rationale | p. 50 |
| Perform Functional Analysis and Allocation | p. 51 |
| Produce Draft System Specification | p. 55 |
| Define TPMs | p. 55 |
| System-Requirements Reviews | p. 58 |
| Other System-Level Considerations | p. 59 |
| System-Level Synthesis | p. 60 |
| System-Design Review | p. 63 |
| Endnotes | p. 65 |
| Preliminary Design | p. 67 |
| Introduction | p. 67 |
| Subsystem-Requirements Analysis | p. 68 |
| Requirements Allocation | p. 72 |
| RBS Versus WBS | p. 80 |
| Interface Identification and Design | p. 82 |
| Subsystem-Level Synthesis and Evaluation | p. 85 |
| Review Sources of Subsystem Requirements | p. 85 |
| Investigate Preliminary Design Alternatives | p. 86 |
| Make Optimal Use of Design Space | p. 88 |
| Select Preferred Solution | p. 93 |
| Preliminary Design Review | p. 94 |
| Endnotes | p. 96 |
| Detailed Design and Development | p. 97 |
| Introduction | p. 97 |
| Detailed Design Requirements | p. 98 |
| Designing and Integrating System Elements | p. 98 |
| Detailed Design Process | p. 99 |
| Integration | p. 100 |
| Some Detailed Design Aids | p. 103 |
| System Prototype Development | p. 104 |
| Detailed Design Reviews | p. 105 |
| Equipment/Software Design Reviews | p. 105 |
| Critical Design Review | p. 106 |
| Construction and Production | p. 108 |
| Operational Use and System Support | p. 112 |
| Phaseout and Disposal | p. 117 |
| Endnotes | p. 119 |
| Systems Engineering Management | p. 121 |
| Introduction | p. 121 |
| Technical Reviews and Audits | p. 121 |
| Major Reviews | p. 123 |
| Major Audits | p. 125 |
| Technical Review and Audit Management | p. 126 |
| System Test and Evaluation | p. 127 |
| Developmental Test and Evaluation | p. 129 |
| Acceptance Test and Evaluation | p. 130 |
| Operational Test and Evaluation | p. 131 |
| Test Management | p. 132 |
| Testing Activities and the System Life Cycle | p. 132 |
| TEMP | p. 137 |
| Technical Risk Management | p. 139 |
| Risk Identification | p. 140 |
| Risk Quantification | p. 141 |
| Risk-Response Development and Control | p. 142 |
| Risk-Management Documentation | p. 143 |
| Configuration Management | p. 144 |
| Establishing the Baselines | p. 145 |
| Configuration-Management Functions | p. 145 |
| Configuration-Management Documentation | p. 151 |
| Specifications and Standards | p. 152 |
| Specifications | p. 153 |
| Standards | p. 156 |
| Integration Management | p. 157 |
| Systems Engineering Management Planning | p. 159 |
| Endnotes | p. 160 |
| Systems Engineering Management Tools | p. 163 |
| Standards | p. 163 |
| MIL-STD-499B Systems Engineering (Draft) | p. 164 |
| General Standard Content | p. 164 |
| Systems Engineering Process | p. 166 |
| Content of the MIL-STD-499B SEMP | p. 166 |
| Additional Information and Requirements | p. 168 |
| Summary | p. 170 |
| EIA/IS-632 Systems Engineering | p. 171 |
| General Standard Content | p. 171 |
| Systems Engineering Process | p. 171 |
| Content of the EIA/IS-632 SEMP | p. 172 |
| Other Information and Requirements | p. 172 |
| Summary | p. 172 |
| IEEE 1220 (Trial Use) and IEEE 1220-IEEE Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process | p. 173 |
| General Standard Content | p. 173 |
| IEEE 1220 Life-Cycle Model | p. 175 |
| Systems Engineering Process | p. 177 |
| Content of the IEEE 1220 Engineering Plan | p. 178 |
| Additional Material and Requirements | p. 179 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| ANSI/EIA-632-Processes for Engineering a System | p. 179 |
| ANSI/EIA-632 Processes | p. 180 |
| ANSI/EIA-632 Requirements | p. 181 |
| ANSI/EIA-632 Concepts | p. 183 |
| ANSI/EIA-632 Annexes | p. 186 |
| Summary | p. 187 |
| Other Useful Documents | p. 187 |
| Technical Reviews and Audits | p. 188 |
| Systems Engineering Standards | p. 188 |
| Configuration Management | p. 188 |
| Specification Standards | p. 189 |
| Work Breakdown Structures | p. 189 |
| Capability Maturity Models | p. 189 |
| SEI--Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model | p. 191 |
| SE-CMM Foundation | p. 192 |
| Process Areas | p. 192 |
| Capability Levels | p. 192 |
| Summary | p. 194 |
| CMM Integration | p. 194 |
| Endnotes | p. 196 |
| Systems Engineering Process Tools | p. 199 |
| Analysis Tools--Requirements Engineering | p. 199 |
| What Is a Requirement? | p. 200 |
| Requirements Engineering | p. 200 |
| Requirements Documentation | p. 209 |
| Automated Requirements-Management Tools | p. 210 |
| Difficulties in Developing Requirements | p. 212 |
| Synthesis--Various Tools | p. 214 |
| Schematic Block Diagrams | p. 214 |
| Physical Modeling | p. 215 |
| Mathematical Modeling and Simulation | p. 216 |
| Evaluation--Trade-off Analysis | p. 217 |
| Endnotes | p. 222 |
| Related Disciplines | p. 225 |
| Introduction | p. 225 |
| Project Management | p. 225 |
| Quality Assurance | p. 230 |
| Logistics Support | p. 231 |
| Operations | p. 233 |
| Design Support Network | p. 233 |
| Software Engineering | p. 234 |
| Hardware Engineering | p. 235 |
| Endnotes | p. 235 |
| List of Acronyms | p. 237 |
| About the Authors | p. 243 |
| Index | p. 245 |
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