Magnetospheric Plasma Physics

1 Origin of Magnetospheric Plasma.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Atmospheric Source of Magnetospheric Plasma.- 3 Temperature of the Atmospheric Plasma.- 4 Transport and Heating Effects of Photoelectrons.- 5 Plasma from Jupiter's Satellite Io.- 6 Entry of Solar-Wind Plasma into the Plasma Sheet.- References.- 2 Interaction of the Solar Wind with the Dayside Magnetosphere.- 1 Solar Wind Flow around the Magnetopause.- 1.1 Shape of the Magnetopause.- 1.2 Flow around the Magnetopause.- 1.3 Plasma Depletion Near the Stagnation Point.- 1.4 Structure of the Magnetopause.- 2 The Bow Shock.- 2.1 Collisionless Shocks.- 2.2 Observed Bow Shock Structure.- 2.3 Upstream Phenomena.- 3 The Boundary Layer.- 3.1 Boundary Layer Morphology.- 3.2 Plasma Blobs, Vortex Flows and Geomagnetic Pulsations.- 3.3 Coupling to the Ionosphere.- 3.4 Transfer of Mass, Momentum and Energy.- 4 Evidence for Reconnection at the Magnetopause.- 4.1 Indirect Evidence.- 4.2 In situ Observations.- 4.3 Flux Transfer Events.- 5 Microprocesses Related to Reconnection.- 5.1 Macroscopic Constraints.- 5.2 Relevant Instabilities.- 5.3 Wave Observations.- 5.4 Origin and Maintenance of Reconnection.- References.- 3 Magnetospheric Tail Dynamics.- 1 Introduction: Model of the Equilibrium Neutral Sheet.- 2 Microinstabilities of the Quiet Magnetospheric Tail.- 2.1 The Lower-Hybrid-Drift Instability of the Plasma Sheet and the Anomalous Resistivity.- 2.2 Pitch Angle Scattering Modulation by Plasma Convection.- 3 Tearing Instability of the Magnetospheric Tail as the Mechanism for Substorms.- 3.1 Energetics of Substorms.- 3.2 Linear Stability Analysis of the Plane Neutral Sheet.- 3.3 Marginal Magnetotail Stability.- 3.4 Effect of the Electrical Coupling with the Ionosphere.- 3.5 Pitch-Angle Scattering Destabilizing Effect.- 4 Magnetospheric Bursts of Energetic Particles.- 4.1 Explosive Growth of the Tearing Mode at the Nonlinear Stage.- 4.2 Magnetospheric Bursts of Energetic Particles.- 5 Macroscopic Consequences of the Ion Tearing Mode Instability in the Magnetotail.- References.- Appendix: Tearing Mode Stabilization in a Two-Dimensional Plasma Sheet Configuration with Magnetized Electrons.- 4 Auroral Physics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Primary Energy Sources of Auroras.- 2.1 Sources of Field-Aligned Currents.- 2.2 Sources of Mechanical Energy.- 3 Double Layers: Acceleration Mechanism.- 3.1 Ion Acoustic Double Layers.- 3.2 Steady-State Theory.- 3.3 Some Remarks on Boundary Conditions.- 4 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling: Auroral Arcs.- 4.1 Basic Relations.- 4.2 Feedback Instability: Formation of Auroral Arcs.- 5 Auroral Kilometric Radiation.- 6 Closing Remarks.- References.- 5 Electrostatic Waves and the Strong Diffusion of Magnetospheric Electrons.- Abstract.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Outline.- 3 Two Problems of Coupled Spatial Transport and Pitch Angle Diffusion.- 3.1 Radiation Belt Diffusion and Loss.- 3.2 The Diffuse Aurora.- 4 General Properties of Electrostatic Waves in a Magnetized Plasma.- 4.1 Linear Dispersion Relation.- 4.2 Separable Distribution Functions.- 4.3 Electrostatic Waves in a Zero Temperature Plasma.- 4.4 Bernstein Modes.- 4.5 Bernstein Modes in a Two-Component Plasma.- 4.6 Cyclotron Harmonic Instabilities.- 4.7 General Conditions for Instability.- 4.8 Anisotropy Instabilities.- 4.9 Summary.- 5 Free Energy Sources for Magnetospheric Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Instabilities.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Perpendicular Free Energy Sources.- 5.3 Parallel Free Energy Sources.- 5.4 Power Law Energy Distributions.- 5.5 Relativistic Bernstein Mode Instabilities.- 5.6 Discussion.- 6 A Parametric Study of Convective Loss Cone Instabilities.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Possibility of Nonconvective Instability.- 6.3 Dependence of Nonconvective Loss Cone Instability upon Cold Electrons.- 6.4 Location of Growing Modes in K-Space.- 6.5 Discussion.- 7 Observations of Magnetospheric VLF Electric Fields.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 OGO-5 Observations.- 7.3 Types of Magnetospheric Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Emission.- 7.4 Classification and Spatial Distribution of Cyclotron Harmonic Emissions.- 7.5 Discussion.- 7.6 Electrostatic Waves in the Jovian Magnetosphere.- 8 Comparisons between Linear Theory and Observation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Dependence upon Cold Electrons.- 8.3 Dependence upon Hot Electron Free Energy Source.- 8.4 Summary.- 9 Some Nonlinear Considerations.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 General Properties of Quasilinear Diffusion.- 9.3 Saturation.- 10 Concluding Remarks.- References.