| List of Image Sets | p. XIX |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Historical Introduction | p. 1 |
| MRI and Its Hardware | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Spin and Magnetization | p. 9 |
| Precession: Rotating System of Reference | p. 10 |
| Rotation: Excitation by RF Pulses | p. 11 |
| Excitation of a Selected Slice: Gradient Field | p. 13 |
| Free Induction Decay (FID) | p. 15 |
| Spin Echo | p. 16 |
| Determination of Position in the Read-Out Direction | p. 18 |
| Determination of Position in the Phase-Encode Direction | p. 19 |
| Measuring Sequence | p. 19 |
| Object Slice: Voxels and Image Pixels | p. 20 |
| System Architecture | p. 21 |
| Magnets | p. 25 |
| Superconducting Magnets | p. 27 |
| Other Magnet Types | p. 29 |
| Deviations from the Homogeneous Magnetic Field | p. 32 |
| The Gradient Chain | p. 35 |
| Gradient Power Supply and Rise Time | p. 38 |
| Eddy Currents | p. 39 |
| The RF Chain | p. 41 |
| RF Coils | p. 42 |
| The Receiver | p. 48 |
| Physiological Signals | p. 51 |
| The Back End | p. 53 |
| Conventional Imaging Methods | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 55 |
| The Bloch Equation | p. 55 |
| Precession | p. 58 |
| Excitation | p. 58 |
| Non-selective Pulse | p. 59 |
| Slice-Selective RF Pulses | p. 59 |
| Other RF Pulses | p. 62 |
| Power Dissipation in an RF Pulse | p. 63 |
| The Spin-Echo Imaging Sequence | p. 64 |
| The <$>\vec {k}<$> Plane | p. 68 |
| Discrete Sampling | p. 69 |
| Sampling Point-Spread Function | p. 72 |
| Thinking in Terms of <$>\vec {k}<$> Space | p. 72 |
| Contrast in Spin-Echo Sequences | p. 77 |
| Scan Parameters and System Design | p. 77 |
| Practical Example | p. 79 |
| Multiple-Slice Acquisition | p. 80 |
| Imaging with Three-Dimensional Encoding | p. 81 |
| The Field-Echo Imaging Sequence | p. 82 |
| Artifacts | p. 84 |
| Ghosting | p. 87 |
| Magnetization Preparation | p. 88 |
| A T1 Preparation Pulse: Inversion Recovery | p. 89 |
| Other Types of Magnetization Preparation | p. 91 |
| Imaging Methods with Advanced <$>\vec {k}<$>-Space Trajectories | p. 135 |
| Introduction | p. 135 |
| Turbo Spin Echo | p. 137 |
| Profile Order | p. 139 |
| Sources of Artifacts in TSE Images | p. 141 |
| Echo Planar Imaging | p. 144 |
| Practical Example | p. 146 |
| Artifacts Due to <$>T_2^{\ast}<$> Decay and Field Inhomogeneities | p. 147 |
| Artifacts Due to <$>T_2^{\ast}<$> Decay | p. 148 |
| Artifacts Due to Resonance Offset | p. 150 |
| Artifacts Due to Gradient Field Properties and Errors | p. 151 |
| Combination of TSE and EPI: GRASE | p. 154 |
| Square Spiral Imaging | p. 156 |
| Joyriding in <$>\vec {k}<$> Space | p. 156 |
| Spiral Imaging | p. 158 |
| A Practical Example | p. 160 |
| Reconstruction | p. 161 |
| Artifacts in Spiral Imaging | p. 163 |
| "Rosette" Trajectory | p. 165 |
| Radial Imaging | p. 165 |
| Some Remarks on the Reconstruction of Exotic Scans | p. 166 |
| Two-Dimensional Excitation Pulses | p. 167 |
| Steady-State Gradient-Echo Imaging | p. 193 |
| Introduction | p. 193 |
| On FIDs and ECHOs | p. 195 |
| Spin Echo | p. 197 |
| "Eight-Ball" Echo | p. 198 |
| Stimulated Echo | p. 199 |
| RF Phase | p. 201 |
| Response to RF Pulses with ¿ < 90° | p. 202 |
| Echoes as a Result of Many Excitations | p. 203 |
| ECHO Components and RF Phase Cycling | p. 204 |
| Suppressing the Spatial Variation of the Signal | p. 207 |
| Conclusions of the Qualitative Description | p. 208 |
| N-FFE and T2-FFE | p. 209 |
| T1-FFE | p. 209 |
| R-FFE | p. 209 |
| Mathematical Model | p. 210 |
| Rotation and Precession Matrix | p. 211 |
| Relaxation Matrix | p. 212 |
| Steady State | p. 212 |
| Steady-State Gradient-Echo Methods (FE and FFE) | p. 219 |
| Sequences with Very Long TR | p. 219 |
| Sequences with T1 > TR > T2 | p. 220 |
| Sequences with Small TR (TR ≅ T2) | p. 220 |
| Large Net-Gradient Surface | p. 220 |
| Rephased FFE | p. 224 |
| FID Measurement with Spoiling of <$>M_{\rm T}^-<$>: T1-FFE (FLASH) | p. 227 |
| FFE with Short TR in Steady State | p. 228 |
| N-FFE, T2-FFE, and R-FFE with TR ≪ T2 | p. 229 |
| T1-FFE with TR ≪ T2 | p. 231 |
| Slice Profile | p. 232 |
| Survey of FFE methods | p. 233 |
| Transient-State Gradient-Echo Imaging | p. 247 |
| Introduction | p. 247 |
| Signal Level During Transient State | p. 249 |
| Approach to Steady State by Assuming RF Spoiling | p. 250 |
| Approach to Steady State Without Spoiling | p. 252 |
| Magnetization Preparation | p. 255 |
| Pre-pulse to Avoid the Transient State in T1-FFE | p. 256 |
| Balanced-TFE Sequences | p. 257 |
| Profile Order | p. 258 |
| Survey of Transient Gradient Echo Methods | p. 259 |
| Contrast and Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 271 |
| Introduction | p. 271 |
| Contrast in MR Images | p. 271 |
| The Physical Mechanism of Relaxation in Tissue | p. 273 |
| The BPP Theory of Relaxation in Homogeneous Matter | p. 274 |
| Relaxation Effects in Tissue | p. 276 |
| Fast Exchange | p. 276 |
| Compartments and Slow Exchange | p. 276 |
| Magnetization Transfer | p. 277 |
| Contrast Agents | p. 281 |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) | p. 283 |
| Fundamental Expression for the SNR | p. 284 |
| Patient Loading of the Receiving Circuit | p. 285 |
| Low-Field and High-Field Systems | p. 287 |
| Practical Expression for the SNR | p. 288 |
| Introduction of the Scanning Parameters | p. 289 |
| Influence of the Receiver on the SNR | p. 290 |
| Influence of Relaxation on the SNR | p. 291 |
| Application to Practical Situations | p. 292 |
| SNR for Non-uniform Sampling of the <$>\vec {k}<$> Plane | p. 296 |
| One-Sided Partial Scans | p. 296 |
| Non-uniform Sampling with Non-linear Trajectories | p. 299 |
| Reduced Matrix Acquisition | p. 299 |
| Other Partial-Scan Methods | p. 300 |
| Motion and Flow | p. 321 |
| Introduction | p. 321 |
| Moving Structures, Artifacts, and Imaging Methods | p. 322 |
| Cardiac Motion | p. 322 |
| Respiratory Motion | p. 324 |
| Ordering of Phase Encoding | p. 324 |
| Breath Hold | p. 325 |
| Respiratory Gating | p. 325 |
| Correction of Respiratory Movement Using Navigator Echoes | p. 325 |
| Tagging | p. 327 |
| Phase Shift Due to Flow in Gradient Fields | p. 328 |
| Velocity Measurement Using a Bipolar Gradient | p. 330 |
| Velocity-Insensitive Gradient Waveform | p. 332 |
| Flow with Acceleration | p. 332 |
| Influence of Field Inhomogeneities and Eddy Currents | p. 334 |
| Flow Artifacts | p. 335 |
| Ghosting Due to Pulsating Flow | p. 335 |
| Flow Voids | p. 335 |
| Shift in Phase-Encoding Direction Due to Flow | p. 336 |
| Velocity-Insensitive Imaging Sequences: Flow Compensation | p. 337 |
| Selection Direction | p. 337 |
| Read-Out Direction | p. 337 |
| Phase-Encoding Direction: Correction for Misregistration | p. 338 |
| Flow Imaging | p. 339 |
| Phase-Contrast Methods | p. 340 |
| Phase-Contrast Angiography | p. 341 |
| Quantitative Flow Based on Phase Contrast | p. 341 |
| Modulus Contrast Methods | p. 344 |
| Inflow Angiography | p. 344 |
| Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography | p. 346 |
| MR Angiography Based on Magnetization Preparation | p. 349 |
| Black-Blood Angiography | p. 354 |
| Artifacts in Modulus Contrast Angiography | p. 355 |
| Modulus-Contrast Quantitative Flow Measurements | p. 357 |
| Perfusion | p. 358 |
| MR Perfusion Imaging with Dynamic Bolus Studies | p. 358 |
| Arterial Spin Labelling | p. 361 |
| Diffusion | p. 364 |
| Measurement with Diffusion Sensitization in One Direction | p. 366 |
| Diffusion Imaging of the Brain | p. 368 |
| Q-space Imaging | p. 371 |
| Partitioning of the Magnetization into Configurations | p. 423 |
| Introduction | p. 423 |
| Configurations and Phase Diagrams | p. 423 |
| Theory of Configurations | p. 429 |
| Magnetization Expressed in Discrete Fourier Series | p. 430 |
| Rotation | p. 431 |
| Effect of Rotation and Precession on the Configurations | p. 434 |
| Precession Matrix Including (Free) Diffusion | p. 436 |
| Use of the Theory of Configurations to Describe the Examples in Sect. 8.1 | p. 437 |
| Multiple Spin-Echo Example | p. 438 |
| Eight-Ball Echo and Stimulated Echo Examples | p. 440 |
| Multi-excitation Pulse Sequences | p. 441 |
| SE-BURST Imaging | p. 443 |
| Excitation Profile for BURST with Single-Phase Excitation | p. 446 |
| Optimized BURST Excitation Using Phase Modulation | p. 448 |
| Combination of BURST with TSE | p. 451 |
| Gradient Recalled BURST Sequences | p. 452 |
| QUEST and PREVIEW | p. 454 |
| Theory of Configurations and Well-Known Fast-Imaging Sequences | p. 455 |
| Application to TSE | p. 455 |
| Application to FFE | p. 458 |
| Rotation and Precession Matrices and RF Pulse Design | p. 462 |
| Shinnar-Le Roux (SLR) Transformation | p. 463 |
| The Inverse Shinnar-Le Roux Transformation (ISLR Transformation) | p. 465 |
| Appendix | p. 473 |
| References | p. 477 |
| Index of Abbreviated Terms | p. 493 |
| Index | p. 495 |
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