Lightning Engineering

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION

1.1 Lightning Flash General Characteristics and Damage Caused

1.2     The   Leader Stroke

1.3     The Return Stroke

1.3.1  The Empirical Mode

1.3.2  The Lightning Return Stroke Models

1.4     Lightning Radiated Electromagnetic  Pulses (LEMP)

1.5     Electromagnetic   Waves

1.6 Lightning Protection: An Introduction

1.6.1 Lightning Effects

1.6.2 Effects of Lightning on Aircraft

1.6.3  Lightning Effects on Electric Power Systems Network

1.6.4 Substation Protection Systems

1.7 Lightning, Climate, Upper Ionosphere and Other Planets

1.7.1 Effect of Temperature on Lightning

1.7.2 Effect of Lightning on Troposphere

1.8 Summary

Bibliography

 

Chapter 2.Thunderstorms and Pre-Lightning Electrostatics

Paul R.P. Hoole, Joseph Fisher and Samuel R.H. Hoole

Abstract.

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Formation of Thunderclouds

2.3 The Climatology of Lightning

2.3.1 Cloud Electrification

2.3.2 Cloud Electric Charge Formation

2.4 Negative Lightning Discharge Process  

2.4.1 The Negative Lightning

2.4.2 The Electric Discharge Process

2.5 Lightning-Aircraft Electrostatic Interactions

2.5.1 Two Types of Attachment Initiation

2.5.2 Aircraft-Triggered Lightning

2.5.3 Aircraft Intercepted Lightning

2.6 Probability of Lightning Strike to Aircraft

2.6.1 Factors affecting Probability

2.6 .2 Probability Dependence on Aircraft Size

2.6.3 Probability Dependence on Flight Profile

2.6.4 Probability Dependence on Geographic Area of Operations

2.7 Thundercloud Induced Electrostatic Charges

2.8 Pre-Lightning Flash Electrostatics of Thunderstorms: Analysis

2.8.1 The Electrostatic Fields

2.8.2 Aircraft and Electric Dipole Placements

2.8.3 Determining the Electric Charges Induced on an Aircraft and the Electric Fields Generated Around an Aircraft Body

2.8.4 Analysis of the Airbus A380 Aircraft Results

2.8.5 Zoning

2.8.6  A F16 Military Aircraft Flying between Two Charged Centers

2.8.7.1 F16 Electric Charge Model

2.9 Electrostatic fields of Pre-Lightning Thundercloud Environment

2.10 The Electrostatic Computation and Evaluation: a Computer Based Tool

2.11 Personal Lightning Safety

Bibliography 

Chapter 3. Lightning Protection of Domestic, Commercial and Transport Systems

3.1 General

3.2 Lighting Protection of Houses

3.2.1 An Overview

3.2.1.1 Damage from Lightning

3.2.1.2 Basic Protection against Lightning

3.2.1.3 Enhanced Protection against Lightning

3.2.2 Choosing Service Entrance Service Surge Protectors

3.2.3 Surge Current Rating

3.2.4 Ground Potential Rise

3.3 Protection of Boats

3.4 Protection of Photovoltaic (PV) systems

3.5 Protection of Frequency converter protection

3.6 Protection of Networks and Interactive Services

3.7 Protection of Wind Turbines

3.8 Historic Buildings

Bibliography

 

Chapter 4. Practice of Lightning Protection: Risk Assessment, External Protection, Internal Protection, Surge Protection, Air Termination, Down Conductor, Earthing and Shielding

4.1 Introduction

4.2 General Principles of Lightning Protection

4.3 Risk Management

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Risk Assessment: Basics

4.3.3 Advanced Risk Assessment

4.4 Inspection of Lightning Protection Systems

4.5 Internal Lightning Protection