| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Importance of Monitoring Transient Changes | p. 1 |
| Non-invasive Recording of the Cardiac Parameters and its Significance | p. 2 |
| Ambulatory Monitoring and Implementations of it | p. 2 |
| Ambulatory Monitoring Using Impedance Cardiography Signals | p. 3 |
| References | p. 4 |
| Impedance Cardiography | p. 7 |
| Bioimpedance Measurement: Applications and Importance | p. 7 |
| Electrical Properties of the Biological Tissues | p. 8 |
| Tissue as a Conductor | p. 9 |
| Frequency and Current Values | p. 10 |
| Bioimpedance Measurement Methods | p. 11 |
| Biopolar and Tetrapolar Method | p. 11 |
| Alternating Constant-Current Source | p. 11 |
| Receiving Unit | p. 12 |
| Demodulation Unit | p. 12 |
| Automatic Balance Systems | p. 13 |
| Electrodes Types and Topography | p. 13 |
| Band Electrodes, Spot Electrodes and Mixed Spot/Band Electrodes | p. 13 |
| Other Solutions | p. 14 |
| Signal description and Analysis | p. 15 |
| Impedance Cardiography Traces | p. 15 |
| Characteristic Points on Impedance Cardiography Curves | p. 15 |
| Characteristic Periods in Impedance Cardiography | p. 17 |
| Hemodynamic Indices | p. 18 |
| The Influence of Breathing | p. 20 |
| The Origin of the Impedance Cardiography Signals | p. 21 |
| The Methods of Stroke Volume Calculation | p. 23 |
| Blood Resistivity Impact | p. 28 |
| Signal Conditioning | p. 28 |
| Ensemble Averaging Method | p. 29 |
| Large-Scale Ensemble Averaging Method | p. 30 |
| Technical Aspects of ICG-Limitations, Errors and Patients' Safety | p. 30 |
| Modifications of ICG, and Other Impedance Techniques | p. 31 |
| Physiological and Clinical Applications of Impedance Cardiography | p. 31 |
| Conclusions | p. 32 |
| References | p. 33 |
| Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography | p. 39 |
| The Idea of Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography | p. 39 |
| ReoMonitor: The Research System | p. 40 |
| The Ambulatory Recorder | p. 41 |
| The Analogue Unit | p. 41 |
| The Digital Unit | p. 43 |
| The user Interface | p. 44 |
| Software for Hemodynamics Parameters Calculations | p. 45 |
| VU-AMS: The Vrije Universiteit Ambulatory Monitoring System | p. 47 |
| MW1000A: The MindWare System | p. 49 |
| PhysioFlow Enduro System | p. 49 |
| AIM-8-V3: Wearable Cardiac Performance Monitor | p. 51 |
| Ambulatory Impedance Cardiograph: AZCG | p. 53 |
| Other Systems | p. 54 |
| References | p. 55 |
| Validation of the Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography Method | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Validation using Reference Methods | p. 58 |
| Background and Motivation | p. 58 |
| Experimental Studies | p. 59 |
| Results of the Own Experimental Studies | p. 60 |
| Discussion and Conclusions | p. 63 |
| The Quality of the Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography Recordings | p. 64 |
| Background and Motivation | p. 64 |
| Experimental Studies | p. 65 |
| Results of the Experimental Studies | p. 66 |
| Discussion and Conclusions | p. 67 |
| References | p. 69 |
| Clinical and Physiological Applications of Impedance Cardiography Ambulatory Monitoring | p. 73 |
| Introduction | p. 73 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | p. 74 |
| Ventricular Extrasystole Beats (VEB) Monitoring | p. 78 |
| Ambulatory ICG and Pacemaker Monitoring | p. 82 |
| Cardiac Pacing Optimisation | p. 82 |
| Pacemaker Syndrome Detection | p. 84 |
| Cardiac Parameters Monitoring During the Tilt Test | p. 86 |
| Other Applications | p. 91 |
| References | p. 93 |
| Final Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 99 |
| Prospects for Impedance Ambulatory Monitoring | p. 99 |
| Clinical Importance of the Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography Monitoring | p. 100 |
| References | p. 101 |
| Appendix | p. 103 |
| Index | p. 111 |
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