Volume 1
Preface xix
Part I Fundamental Aspects of LIBS and Laser-Induced Plasma 1
1 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications 3
K. M. Muhammed Shameem, Swetapuspa Soumyashree, P. Madhusudhan, Vinitha Nimma, Rituparna Das, Pranav Bhardwaj, Prashant Kumar and Rajesh K. Kushawaha
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 LIBS: ns-LIBS and fs-LIBS 5
1.3 Plasma-Plume Dynamics 10
1.4 Filamentation 14
1.5 Signal-Enhancing Strategies in LIBS 17
1.6 Applications 20
1.7 Summary 21
2 Elementary Processes and Emission Spectra in Laser-Induced Plasma 33
V. Gardette, Z. Salajkova, M. DellâAglio and A. De Giacomo
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Laser-Ablation Mechanism 33
2.3 Plasma Characteristics and Elementary Processes 35
2.4 Plasma in Thermodynamic Equilibrium 37
2.5 Plasma Emission Features 39
2.6 Conclusion 41
3 Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Plasma 45
Charles Ghany, Kyung-Min Lee, Herve K. Sanghapi and Vivek K. Singh
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 LIBS Plasmas and Its Characteristics 46
3.3 Factors Affecting the LIBS Plasma 49
3.4 Methods of Enhancing LIBS Sensitivity 51
3.5 LTE Plasmas and Non-LTE Plasmas 52
3.6 Laserâ"Plasma Expansion in Gas and Liquids: Modeling and Validation 54
3.7 Chemistry in Laser Plasmas (Biological, Medical, and Isotopic Applications) 57
3.8 Conclusion 58
4 Double and Multiple Pulse LIBS Techniques 65
Francesco Poggialini, Asia Botto, Beatrice Campanella, Simona Raneri, Vincenzo Palleschi and Stefano Legnaioli
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Double-Pulse LIBS: Geometries and Configurations 67
4.3 Signal Enhancement in DP-LIBS: Principles and Theory 77
4.4 Applications of DP-LIBS 80
4.5 Conclusions 83
5 Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 89
J¶rg Hermann
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Validity Conditions of the Physical Model 90
5.3 Methods of Calibration-Free Measurements 98
5.4 Critical Review of Analytical Performance 107
5.5 Conclusion 115
Part II Molecular LIBS and Instrumentation Developments 123
6 Molecular Species Formation in Laser-Produced Plasma 125
K. M. Muhammed Shameem, Swetapuspa Soumyashree, P. Madhusudhan, Vinitha Nimma, Rituparna Das, Pranav Bhardwaj and Rajesh K. Kushawaha
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Atmospheric Contribution in LIBS Spectra 127
6.3 CN and C2 Molecular Formation in LIP 127
6.4 Summary 134
7 Recent Developments in Standoff Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 137
Linga Murthy Narlagiri and Venugopal Rao Soma
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Laser Systems Used 137
7.3 Instrumentation in Standoff LIBS 138
7.4 Gated and Non-Gated CCDs/Spectrometers 139
7.5 Experimental Setup 139
7.6 Reviews on Standoff LIBS 140
7.7 Studies in Standoff LIBS 140
7.8 Variants in Standoff LIBS 146
7.9 Machine-Learning for Data Analysis in Standoff Mode 149
7.10 Advancements in Standoff LIBS Methods 150
7.11 Ongoing Study at ACRHEM, University of Hyderabad 153
7.12 Conclusions and Outlook 158
8 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 165
Zita Salajkov¡, Marcella DellâAglio, Vincent Gardette and Alessandro De Giacomo
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 Fundamentals 166
8.3 Applications 174
8.4 Conclusion 179
9 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Sensing Applications 183
Linga Murthy Narlagiri and Venugopal Rao Soma
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Previous Reviews 183
9.3 Experimental Setup 184
9.4 Enhancement Via Different Conditions 185
9.5 Perspectives on the Mechanism(s) of Enhancement 191
9.6 Variations in NE-LIBS 199
9.7 Beyond NE-LIBS 200
9.8 Further Application of Nanoparticles in LIBS 202
9.9 Ongoing Study in the Lab 203
9.10 Conclusions 204
Part III Data Analysis and Chemometrics in LIBS 211
10 Full-Spectrum Multivariate Analysis of LIBS Data 213
Catherine E. McManus and Nancy J. McMillan
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 Full-Spectrum Multivariate Analysis 215
10.3 Analysis of Geologic Samples 216
10.4 Identification of Pharmaceuticals 218
10.5 Conclusions 224
11 Chemometrics for Data Analysis 229
Manoj Kumar Gundawar and Rajendhar Junjuri
11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 Data 230
11.3 Machine Learning 231
11.4 Classification of the Data 236
11.5 Conclusion 237
12 Chemometric Processing of LIBS Data 241
J. El Haddad, A. Harhira, E. K©peÅ¡, J. Vr¡bel, J. Kaiser and P. Po¸zka
12.1 Introduction 241
12.2 Exploratory Analysis Methods for Visualization 243
12.3 Quantitative Analysis Methods 249
12.4 Classification 254
12.5 Data Preprocessing 257
12.6 Validation and Generalization 261
12.7 Conclusions 268
13 How Chemometrics Allowed the Development of LIBS in the Quantification and Detection of Isotopes: A Case Study of Uranium 277
Carlos A. Rinaldi, Norberto Boggio and Juan Vorobioff
13.1 Introduction 277
13.2 The LIBS Method 278
13.3 Detection and Quantification 279
13.4 Chemometrics Solution 279
13.5 Conclusions 285
14 Application of Multivariate Analysis to the Problem of the Provenance of Gem Stones (Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Diamond) 287
Nancy J. McMillan and Catherine E. McManus
14.1 Introduction 287
14.2 Gem Mineral Genesis 289
14.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis 293
14.4 Gem Provenance Studies 294
14.5 Conclusions 300
15 Machine Learning in the Context of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 305
E. K©peÅ¡, J. Vr¡bel, J. El Haddad, A. Harhira, P. Po¸zka and J. Kaiser
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 Fundamental Concepts of Machine Learning 306
15.3 Decision Trees and Related Ensemble Methods 307
15.4 Support Vector Machines 311
15.5 Artificial Neural Networks 314
15.6 Unsupervised Learning 318
15.7 Self-Organizing Maps 319
15.8 Concluding Remarks 320
16 Analysis of LIBS Data from Coal and Biomass Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques 331
Carlos E. Romero and Robert De Saro
16.1 Introduction 331
16.2 LIBS Coal and Biomass Laboratory Experimental Results 334
16.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to LIBS Spectral Data 337
16.4 Conclusions 349
Part IV Special Topics and Comparison with Other Methods 353
17 Lasing in Optically Pumped Laser-Induced Plasma 355
Lev Nagli, Michael Gaft and Yosef Raichlin
17.1 Introduction 355
17.2 Experimental Setups and Samples 357
17.3 Lasing Effects in a LIP Plume; 13 th Group Elements 360
17.4 Polarization of the LIPLs: the UVâ"VIS Generation 370
17.5 External Magnetic Field Effects 376
17.6 Fourteenth GROUP Elements LIPL (Ground-State Configuration 4s2np23P0 , n = 4,5,6) 377
17.7 LIPLs Tunability 379
17.8 Conclusions 382
18 LIBS Analysis of Optical Surfaces and Thin Films 387
Christoph Gerhard and J¶rg Hermann
18.1 Introduction 387
18.2 Sensitivity-Improved Calibration-Free LIBS 389
18.3 Analysis of Optical Materials and Surfaces 392
18.4 Elemental Analysis of Thin Films 395
18.5 Conclusion 407
19 LIBS Detection of Rare-Earth Elements and Comparison with Other Techniques 415
Yashashchandra Dwivedi
19.1 Introduction 415
19.2 Importance of Rare Earth 416
19.3 Technological Challenges 417
19.4 Detection of RE Using LIBS 418
19.5 Detection of RE Using Other Techniques 423
20 Marine Biofouling Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 431
Della Thomas
20.1 Introduction 431
20.2 Biofouling Sample Preparation 431
20.3 Experimental LIBS Setup 432
20.4 Analysis and Discussion 432
20.5 Biomineralization and Elemental Mapping Studies 437
20.6 LIBS Spectra for Biofouling Sample 437
20.7 LIBS Spatial Elemental Mapping 440
20.8 Conclusion 444
21 Hyphenated LIBS Techniques 447
U. K. Adarsh, V. S. Dhanada, Santhosh Chidangil and V. K. Unnikrishnan
21.1 Introduction 447
21.2 Why Hyphenate Spectroscopic Methods? 449
21.2.1 Significance 449
21.2.2 Developmental Strategies 451
21.2.3 Hyphenated LIBS Systems 452
21.3 Conclusion and Future Directions 457
22 Comparison of LIBS with Other Analytical Techniques 461
Muhammad Aslam Baig, Rizwan Ahmed and Zeshan Adeel Umar
22.1 Introduction 461
22.2 Quantitative Analysis by LIBS 462
22.3 Laser-Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 476
22.4 Conclusion 482
23 Combining Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy: Instrumentation and Applications 487
Vasily N. Lednev
23.1 Introduction 487
23.2 Instrumentation 489
23.3 Applications 502
23.4 Conclusions 520
Acknowledgments 521
References 521
Volume 2
Preface xix
Part V Novel Applications of LIBS 531
24 Application of LIBS to the Analysis of Metals 533
Francesco Poggialini, Asia Botto, Beatrice Campanella, Vincenzo Palleschi, Simona Raneri and Stefano Legnaioli
25 LIBS Analysis of Metals Under Extreme Conditions 551
Mohamed Abdel-Harith and Raghda Hosny El-Saeid
26 LIBS Applications to Liquids and Solids in Liquids 559
Chet R. Bhatt, Daniel Hartzler, Jinesh Jain and Dustin L. McIntyre
27 Coal Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 581
Shunchun Yao
28 Application of LIBS to Terrestrial Geological Research 593
Giorgio S. Senesi and Russell S. Harmon
29 Plastic Waste Identification Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 615
Rajendhar Junjuri and Manoj Kumar Gundawar
30 Cultural Heritage Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 623
Duixiong Sun and Yaopeng Ying
31 Nuclear Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 643
G¡bor Galb¡cs and va Kov¡cs-Sz©les
32 Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Trace Detection in Explosives 667
Qianqian Wang and Geer Teng
33 Geochemical Fingerprinting Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 683
Pengju Xing and Zhenli Zhu
34 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Chemical and Biological Hazards 701
Lianbo Guo
35 Development of a Simple, Low-Cost, and On-Site Deployable LIBS Instrument for the Quantitative Analysis of Edible Salts 715
Sandeep Kumar, Hyang Kim, Jeong Park, Kyung-Sik Ham, Song-Hee Han, Sang-Ho Nam and Yonghoon Lee
36 Bioimaging in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 729
Pavlina Modlitbov¡, Pavel Po¸zka and Jozef Kaiser
37 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Identification of Bacterial Pathogens 745
Somenath Ghatak, Gaurav Sharma, Prashant Kumar Rai, Suman Yadav and Geeta Watal
38 Phase-Selective Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Metal-Oxide Nanoaerosols 755
Gang Xiong and Stephen D. Tse
39 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cultivated Soil 767
R. K. Aldakheel, M. A. Gondal and M. A. Almessiere
40 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Food Sciences 781
J. Naozuka and A. P. Oliveira
41 Capabilities and Limitations of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Analyzing Food Products 807
R. K. Aldakheel, M. A. Gondal and M. A. Almessiere
42 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Its Application Perspectives in Industry and Recycling 823
Reinhard Noll
43 Development of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Application to Space Exploration 851
Zhenzhen Wang and Han Luo
44 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Complex Materials 863
Mathi Pandiyathuray
45 Application of LIBS for the Failure Characteristics Prediction of Heat-Resistant Steel 883
Meirong Dong, Junbin Cai, Shunchun Yao and Jidong Lu
46 Scope for Future Development in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 939
Yoshihiro Deguchi
Index 947
