Java Language Specification, Java SE 8 Edition, The

Preface to the Java SE 8 Edition xxi 1 Introduction 1.1 Organization of the Specification 1.2 Example Programs 1.3 Notation 1.4 Relationship to Predefined Classes and Interfaces 1.5 Feedback 1.6 References 2 Grammars 2.1 Context-Free Grammars 2.2 The Lexical Grammar 2.3 The Syntactic Grammar 2.4 Grammar Notation 3 Lexical Structure 3.1 Unicode 3.2 Lexical Translations 3.3 Unicode Escapes 3.4 Line Terminators 3.5 Input Elements and Tokens 3.6 White Space 3.7 Comments 3.8 Identifiers 3.9 Keywords 3.10 Literals 3.11 Separators 3.12 Operators 4 Types, Values, and Variables 4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values 4.2 Primitive Types and Values 4.3 Reference Types and Values 4.4 Type Variables 4.5 Parameterized Types 4.6 Type Erasure 4.7 Reifiable Types 4.8 Raw Types 4.9 Intersection Types 4.10 Subtyping 4.11 Where Types Are Used 4.12 Variables 5 Conversions and Contexts 5.1 Kinds of Conversion 5.2 Assignment Contexts 5.3 Invocation Contexts 5.4 String Contexts 5.5 Casting Contexts 5.6 Numeric Contexts 6 Names 6.1 Declarations 6.2 Names and Identifiers 6.3 Scope of a Declaration 6.4 Shadowing and Obscuring 6.5 Determining the Meaning of a Name 6.6 Access Control 6.7 Fully Qualified Names and Canonical Names 7 Packages 7.1 Package Members 7.2 Host Support for Packages 7.3 Compilation Units 7.4 Package Declarations 7.5 Import Declarations 7.6 Top Level Type Declarations 8 Classes 8.1 Class Declarations 8.1.1 Class Modifiers 8.2 Class Members 8.3 Field Declarations 8.4 Method Declarations 8.5 Member Type Declarations 8.6 Instance Initializers 8.7 Static Initializers 8.8 Constructor Declarations 8.9 Enum Types 9 Interfaces 275 9.1 Interface Declarations 9.2 Interface Members 9.3 Field (Constant) Declarations 9.4 Method Declarations 9.5 Member Type Declarations 9.6 Annotation Types 9.7 Annotations 9.8 Functional Interfaces 9.9 Function Types 10 Arrays 10.1 Array Types 10.2 Array Variables 10.3 Array Creation 10.4 Array Access 10.5 Array Store Exception 10.6 Array Initializers 10.7 Array Members 10.8 Class Objects for Arrays 10.9 An Array of Characters is Not a String 11 Exceptions 11.1 The Kinds and Causes of Exceptions 11.3 Run-Time Handling of an Exception 12 Execution 12.1 Java Virtual Machine Startup 12.2 Loading of Classes and Interfaces 12.3 Linking of Classes and Interfaces 12.4 Initialization of Classes and Interfaces 12.5 Creation of New Class Instances 12.6 Finalization of Class Instances 12.7 Unloading of Classes and Interfaces 12.8 Program Exit 13 Binary Compatibility 13.1 The Form of a Binary 13.2 What Binary Compatibility Is and Is Not 13.3 Evolution of Packages 13.4 Evolution of Classes 13.5 Evolution of Interfaces 14 Blocks and Statements 14.1 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Statements 14.2 Blocks 14.3 Local Class Declarations 14.4 Local Variable Declaration Statements 14.5 Statements 14.6 The Empty Statement 14.7 Labeled Statements 14.8 Expression Statements 14.9 The if Statement 14.10 The assert Statement 14.11 The switch Statement 14.12 The while Statement 14.13 The do Statement 14.14 The for Statement 14.15 The break Statement 14.16 The continue Statement 14.17 The return Statement 14.18 The throw Statement 14.19 The synchronized Statement 14.20 The try statement 14.21 Unreachable Statements 15 Expressions 15.1 Evaluation, Denotation, and Result 15.2 Forms of Expressions 15.3 Type of an Expression 15.4 FP-strict Expressions 15.5 Expressions and Run-Time Checks 15.6 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Evaluation 15.7 Evaluation Order 15.8 Primary Expressions 15.9 Class Instance Creation Expressions 15.10 Array Creation and Access Expressions 15.11 Field Access Expressions 15.12 Method Invocation Expressions 15.13 Method Reference Expressions 15.14 Postfix Expressions 15.15 Unary Operators 15.16 Cast Expressions 15.17 Multiplicative Operators 15.18 Additive Operators 15.19 Shift Operators 15.20 Relational Operators 15.21 Equality Operators 15.22 Bitwise and Logical Operators 15.22.2 Boolean Logical Operators &, ^, and | 15.23 Conditional-And Operator && 15.24 Conditional-Or Operator || 15.25 Conditional Operator ? : 15.26 Assignment Operators 15.27 Lambda Expressions 15.28 Constant Expressions 16 Definite Assignment 16.1 Definite Assignment and Expressions 16.2 Definite Assignment and Statements 16.3 Definite Assignment and Parameters 16.4 Definite Assignment and Array Initializers 16.5 Definite Assignment and Enum Constants 16.6 Definite Assignment and Anonymous Classes 16.7 Definite Assignment and Member Types 16.8 Definite Assignment and Static Initializers 16.9 Definite Assignment, Constructors, and Instance Initializers 17 Threads and Locks 17.1 Synchronization 17.2 Wait Sets and Notification 17.3 Sleep and Yield 17.4 Memory Model 17.5 final Field Semantics 17.6 Word Tearing 17.7 Non-atomic Treatment of double and long 18 Type Inference 18.1 Concepts and Notation 18.2 Reduction 18.3 Incorporation 18.4 Resolution 18.5 Uses of Inference 19 Syntax Index A Limited License Grant