Issues in Environmental Science and Technology

Sequestration and Storage

By: R E Hester (Editor), R M Harrison (Editor)

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Hardcover | 22 December 2009

At a Glance

Hardcover
324 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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It is widely recognised that global warming is occurring due to increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Methods of capturing and then storing CO2 from major sources such as fossil-fuel-burning power plants are being developed to reduce the levels emitted to the atmosphere by human activities. The book reports on progress in this field and provides a context within the range of natural absorption processes in the oceans and forests and in soil. Comparisons with alternative energy sources such as solar and nuclear are made and policy issues are also reviewed. This topical book is multi-authored by experts ensuring expertise across the full range of this highly technical but mainstream subject. It is cutting edge science and technology presented in a highly readable form along with an extensive bibliography.

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Comparative Impacts of Fossil Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Climate Change	p. 2
The Urgent Need for Energy	p. 4
The Environmental Impact of Energy	p. 7
Carbon Capture and Storage	p. 8
Stabilising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations	p. 10
Geo-Engineering as a Means of Stabilising Climate	p. 13
Energy Sources, Energy Carriers and Energy Uses	p. 15
A Matter of Scales	p. 17
Small Carbon-Neutral Energy	p. 19
Ocean Tides, Waves and Currents	p. 19
Hydroenergy	p. 20
Wind	p. 21
Biomass	p. 21
Geothermal	p. 22
The Three Truly Big Energy Resources	p. 23
Nuclear Energy	p. 23
Solar Energy	p. 24
Fossil Fuels with Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage	p. 25
Summary	p. 27
Capture of Carbon Dioxide Directly from Ambient Air	p. 28
A Revolution in the Energy Sector	p. 31
Conclusions	p. 34
Fossil Power Generation with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Policy Development for Technology Deployment	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Reasons for Incentivising CCS Capture Projects	p. 43
Tranches Model for Commercial-Scale Development and Deployment	p. 44
Classes of Climate Change Mitigation Benefit with CCS	p. 46
Features of Effective Incentives for Power Plants with CCS	p. 47
Example CCS Incentives for the Electricity Sector	p. 50
Site and Project-Specific Funding Options for First Tranche Plants	p. 50
Electricity Emissions Performance Standards (EPSs)	p. 52
A Sectoral CCS Standard	p. 54
Scope for Retrofitting CCS and the Role for Carbon Capture Ready (CCR) Plants	p. 57
Conclusions	p. 59
Acknowledgements	p. 60
Appendix A Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies Closest to Commercial Deployment	p. 60
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Australia	p. 65
Background	p. 65
CCS Programs and Strategies	p. 67
General Policy	p. 67
Governmental CCS Initiatives and Funding	p. 71
Black Coal Mining Industry Initiatives	p. 73
CCS R&D Activities in Australia	p. 74
Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation (CSIRO)	p. 75
Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)	p. 76
Centre for Low Emission Technology (cLET)	p. 78
University Research Activities	p. 79
CCS Projects in Australia	p. 80
Commercial-Scale Projects Incorporating CCS	p. 80
Large-Scale Demonstration Projects	p. 83
Pilot-Scale Demonstrations	p. 85
Storage Projects	p. 86
CCS Legislation and Regulation	p. 91
Regulatory Guiding Principles	p. 91
Commonwealth Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 (OPA)	p. 92
State CCS Legislation	p. 94
CCS Challenges in Australia	p. 96
Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)	p. 102
Introduction	p. 102
A Brief History of UCG	p. 103
The Economic Case for UCG	p. 105
An Introduction to UCG Technology	p. 107
Gasification Configuration and Control	p. 108
Directional Drilling	p. 108
Current Status of UCG Deployment Worldwide	p. 110
UK and Europe	p. 110
North America	p. 110
Asia	p. 111
Australia	p. 111
Africa	p. 111
Mechanism for Carbon Dioxide Storage in Gasified Coal Seam Voids	p. 111
Approaches to Environmental Risk Assessment	p. 115
Linking UCG to CCS	p. 118
North East England Case Study	p. 121
Concluding Remarks on Scale of Opportunity and Challenges	p. 123
Towards Zero Emission Production - Potential of Carbon Capture in Energy Intensive Industry	p. 126
Overview	p. 126
Greenhouse Gas Reduction/Issues for Energy Intensive Industry	p. 126
Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Cement Manufacture	p. 129
Cement Manufacture	p. 129
Incentives for Carbon Reduction	p. 131
Costs Associated with Carbon Emissions	p. 135
Options for Mitigation	p. 138
Mitigation in Cement Manufacture	p. 138
Carbon Capture and Cement Manufacture	p. 140
Removing Barriers to Development	p. 145
Conclusions	p. 150
Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Geology and CO₂ Storage	p. 156
Rock Characteristics	p. 156
CO₂ Properties and Geological Storage	p. 158
Pressure	p. 162
CO₂ Storage through Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery	p. 165
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)	p. 165
Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGS)	p. 166
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM)	p. 167
Shale Gas	p. 167
Storage Options	p. 168
CO₂ Storage in Salt Caverns	p. 168
Underground Coal Gasification Cavities	p. 168
CO₂ Storage as CO₂ Hydrates	p. 169
CO₂ Storage in Igneous/Metamorphic Rocks	p. 169
Storage Capacity	p. 169
The Resource Pyramid	p. 169
Estimating Storage Capacity	p. 170
Storage Site Operation	p. 171
Geological Characterisation	p. 171
Risk Assessment	p. 172
Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV)	p. 172
Leakage	p. 173
Public Awareness of CO₂ Storage	p. 174
Conclusions	p. 174
Acknowledgements	p. 175
Carbon Sequestration in Soils	p. 179
Introduction to the Carbon Cycle in Soil	p. 179
Plant Production	p. 180
Decomposition	p. 180
Soil Organic Matter	p. 182
Characteristics and Age of Soil Carbon	p. 183
Losses to Water	p. 183
Factors Influencing Carbon Accumulation	p. 184
Climate	p. 185
Plant Inputs	p. 185
Other Organic Inputs	p. 186
Tillage	p. 187
Grazing	p. 187
Drainage/Irrigation	p. 187
Erosion	p. 188
Fire Cycles	p. 188
Land-Cover Classes and their Carbon-Sequestration Characteristics	p. 189
Arable	p. 189
Grassland	p. 190
Forest/Woodland	p. 190
Semi-Natural	p. 190
Land-Use Change	p. 190
Climatic Zones other than Cool Temperate	p. 191
Warm Temperate	p. 191
Tropical	p. 191
The Quantification of Carbon-Sequestration Strategies	p. 191
Worldwide Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential	p. 192
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential for Europe	p. 193
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential for the UK	p. 195
Biochar Additions	p. 195
Other Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Equivalents	p. 197
Whole Cycle Analysis	p. 198
Limitations and Challenges	p. 198
Realistic Goals	p. 198
Upper Limits and Timescales	p. 200
Competing Processes	p. 200
Carbon Capture and Storage in Forests	p. 203
Introduction: The Role of Forestry in Climate Change Mitigation	p. 203
Carbon Pools and Flows in Forests	p. 206
Carbon Sink and Storage in Forests: Several Implications from Europe	p. 211
A Focus on the United Kingdom	p. 212
A Focus on Transitional Countries of Ukraine and Slovakia	p. 214
A Focus on The Netherlands	p. 217
A Focus on Tropical Forests	p. 219
Economic Considerations of Carbon Sink and Storage in Forests	p. 221
Uncertainties Pertaining to Carbon Sink and Storage in Forests	p. 226
Social Considerations of Carbon Sink and Storage in Forests	p. 229
Conclusions	p. 232
Carbon Uptake, Transport and Storage by Oceans and the Consequences of Change	p. 240
Summary	p. 240
Carbon Uptake by Oceans	p. 241
Air-Sea Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and the Chemistry of Carbon in Sea water	p. 241
Carbon Fixation and Controlling Factors	p. 243
Carbon Transport and Storage by Oceans	p. 250
The Solubility Pump	p. 250
The Biological Pumps	p. 255
Consequences of Too Little Uptake	p. 256
Slow Down of the Physical Ocean Sink and Feedbacks to Climate	p. 256
Changes in Net Primary Productivity	p. 257
Consequences of Too Much Uptake	p. 260
Ocean Acidification	p. 260
Oxygen Depletion and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)	p. 269
Methane Biogeochemistry and Carbon Stores in the Arctic Ocean: Hydrates and Permafrost	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
Methane: Marine Sources and Sinks	p. 286
Arctic Ocean Methane and Global Warming	p. 286
Methane Hydrates	p. 287
Methane Hydrates and Hydrate Stability	p. 287
The 'Clathrate Gun' Hypothesis	p. 289
Methane Hydrates - Arctic Ocean	p. 289
Methane Hydrate Exploitation in the Arctic	p. 290
Permafrost	p. 291
Permafrost Relevance to Methane	p. 291
Permafrost and Global Warming	p. 292
Methane in the Arctic Ocean	p. 292
Distribution, Sources and Sinks	p. 292
Methane and Sea-Ice	p. 294
Conclusions	p. 295
Subject Index	p. 301
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Sequestration and Storage

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Hardcover

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