1 Introduction 1
1.1 Statistics and Types of Statistics 1
Case Study 1.1: Deaths Due to Red-Light Running 3
Case Study 1.2: Is Anxiety and Depression a Major Problem Among Teens? 4
1.2 Basic Terms 5
1.3 Types of Variables 7
1.4 Cross-Section Versus Time-Series Data 10
1.5 Population Versus Sample 11
1.6 Design of Experiments 20
1.7 Summation Notation 24
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2 Organizing and Graphing Data 39
2.1 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data 40
Case Study 2.1: Confidence in Charitable and Nongovernmental Organizations 44
Case Study 2.2: Single-Payer Health Care System Where the Federal Government Provides Coverage for Everyone 45
2.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data 47
Case Study 2.3: Average Starting Salaries of Teachers 52
Case Study 2.4: Mom, I Am Hungry 53
Case Study 2.5: How Many Cups of Coffee Do You Drink a Day? 57
2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 64
2.4 Dotplots 69
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3 Numerical Descriptive Measures 83
3.1 Measures of Center for Ungrouped Data 84
Case Study 3.1: Coffee Consumption Statistics 87
Case Study 3.2: Median Prices of Homes in Selected Metro Areas 90
3.2 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data 97
3.3 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 105
3.4 Use of Standard Deviation 111
Case Study 3.3: Does Spread Mean the Same as Variability and Dispersion? 115
3.5 Measures of Position 116
3.6 Box-and-Whisker Plot 121
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4 Probability 141
4.1 Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space 142
4.2 Calculating Probability 147
4.3 Marginal Probability, Conditional Probability, and Related Probability Concepts 154
Case Study 4.1: Vegetarians, Gender, and Ideology 157
4.4 Intersection of Events and the Multiplication Rule 165
4.5 Union of Events and the Addition Rule 171
4.6 Counting Rule, Factorials, Combinations, and Permutations 178
Case Study 4.2: Probability of Winning a Mega Millions Lottery Jackpot 183
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5 Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions 197
5.1 Random Variables 198
5.2 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable 200
5.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable 206
Case Study 5.1: All State Lottery 208
5.4 The Binomial Probability Distribution 213
5.5 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution 224
5.6 The Poisson Probability Distribution 227
Case Study 5.2: Global Birth and Death Rates 230
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6 Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution 246
6.1 Continuous Probability Distribution and the Normal Probability Distribution 247
Case Study 6.1: Distribution of Time Taken to Run a Road Race 250
6.2 Standardizing a Normal Distribution 261
6.3 Applications of the Normal Distribution 268
6.4 Determining the Z and X Values When An Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve Is Known 273
6.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 278
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7 Sampling Distributions 299
7.1 Sampling Distribution, Sampling Error, and Nonsampling Errors 300
7.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of xâ _ â 305
7.3 Shape of the Sampling Distribution of xâ _ â 308
7.4 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of xâ _ â 314
7.5 Population and Sample Proportions; and the Mean, Standard Deviation, and Shape of the Sampling Distribution of âp â Ì 319
Case Study 7.1: 2016 Election and Sampling Error 321
7.6 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of âp â Ì 326
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8 Estimation of the Mean and Proportion 338
8.1 Estimation, Point Estimate, and Interval Estimate 338
8.2 Estimation of a Population Mean: Ï Known 342
Case Study 8.1: 2019 National Average Salaries of Doctors 346
8.3 Estimation of a Population Mean: Ï Not Known 351
8.4 Estimation of a Population Proportion: Large Samples 359
Case Study 8.2: Is Government, Poor Leadership, or Politicians the Most Important Problem Facing the U.S.? 362
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9 Hypothesis Tests About the Mean and Proportion 377
9.1 Hypothesis Tests: An Introduction 378
9.2 Hypothesis Tests About μ: Ï Known 386
Case Study 9.1: Average Student Loan Debt for the Class of 2018 396
9.3 Hypothesis Tests About μ: Ï Not Known 399
9.4 Hypothesis Tests About a Population Proportion: Large Samples 408
Case Study 9.2: Are Parents Doing Too Much for Their Adult Children? 414
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10 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two Populations 430
10.1 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: Ï 1 and Ï 2 Known 431
10.2 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: Ï 1 and Ï 2 Unknown but Equal 438
10.3 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: Ï 1 and Ï 2 Unknown and Unequal 446
10.4 Inferences About the Mean of Paired Samples (Dependent Samples) 452
10.5 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Proportions for Large and Independent Samples 461
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11 Chi-Square Tests 485
11.1 The Chi-Square Distribution 486
11.2 A Goodness-of-Fit Test 489
Case Study 11.1: How Are the Economic Conditions in the Country Affecting the Middle Class? 495
11.3 A Test of Independence or Homogeneity 497
11.4 Inferences About the Population Variance 507
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12 Analysis of Variance 525
12.1 The F Distribution 526
12.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance 528
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13 Simple Linear Regression 546
13.1 Simple Linear Regression 547
Case Study 13.1: Regression of Weights on Heights for NFL Players 557
13.2 Standard Deviation of Errors and Coefficient of Determination 562
13.3 Inferences About B 569
13.4 Linear Correlation 573
13.5 Regression Analysis: A Complete Example 579
13.6 Using the Regression Model 585
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14 Multiple Regression 603
14.1 Multiple Regression Analysis 603
14.2 Assumptions of the Multiple Regression Model 605
14.3 Standard Deviation of Errors 606
14.4 Coefficient of Multiple Determination 607
14.5 Computer Solution of Multiple Regression 608
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15 Nonparametric Methods 622
This chapter is not included in this text but is available in the e-book in WileyPLUS
15.1 The Sign Test 623
15.2 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Two Dependent Samples 636
15.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Two Independent Samples 642
15.4 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 649
15.5 The Spearman Rho Rank Correlation Coefficient Test 653
15.6 The Runs Test for Randomness 657
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Appendix A Explanation of Data Sets A- 1
Appendix B Statistical Tables B- 1
Appendix C Lists of Formulas C- 1
Answers to Selected Odd-numbered Exercises and Self-review Tests An- 1
Index I- 1
