Introduction to Surface Engineering and Functionally Engineered Materials

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Tribological Properties of Solid Surfaces 7

1.3 Optical Properties of Solid Surfaces 25

1.4 Electrical and Opto-electronic Properties of Solid Surfaces 29

1.5 Corrosion of Solid Surfaces34

2 Thin Film Deposition Processes 39

2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 40

2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 90

2.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition 114

2.4 Hybrid Deposition Processes 120

3 Thin Film Structures and Defects 143

3.1 Thin Film Nucleation and Growth 144

3.2 Structure of Thin Films 155

3.3 Thin Film Structure Zone Models 172

4. Thin Film Tribological Materials 187

4.1 Wear Resistant Thin Film Materials 188

4.2 Ultrifunctional Nanostructured, Nanolaminate and Nanocomposite Triboligical Materials 256

5. Optical Thin Films and Composites 283

5.1 Optical Properties at an Interface 285

5.2 Single Layer Optical Coatings 292

5.3 Multilayer Thin Film Optical Coatings 296

5.4 Color and Chromaticity in Thin Films 307

5.5 Decorative and Architectural Coatings 330

6 Fabrication Processes for Electrical and Electro-Optical Thin Films 337

6.1 Plasma Processing: Introduction 338

6.2 Etching Processes 347

6.3 Wet Chemical Etching 359

6.4 Metallization 360

6.5 Photolithography 368

6.6 Deposition Process for Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Thin Films 372

6.7 Deposition Processes for Semiconductor Thin Films 376

7 Functionally Engineered Materials 387

7.1 Energy Band Structure of Solids 388

7.2 Low Dimensional Structures 392

7.3 Energy Band Engineering 400

7.4 Artificially Structured and Sculpted Micro and NanoStructures 431

8.0 Multifunctional Surface Engineering Applications 457

8.1 Thin Film Photovoltaics 457

8.2 Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films 462

8.3 Electrochromic and Thermochromic Coatings 480

8.4 Thin Film Permeation barriers 485

8.5 Photocatalytic Thin Films and Low Dimensional Structures 493

8.6 Frequency selective surfaces 498

9 Looking into the Future: Bio-Inspired Materials and Surfaces 509

9.1 Functional Biomaterials 509

9.2 Functional Biomaterials: Self Cleaning Biological Materials 515

9.3 Functional Biomaterials: Self Healing Biological Materials 522

9.4 Self Assembled and Composite Nanostructures 521

9.5 Introduction to Biophotonics 536

9.6 Advanced Biophotonics Applications 545

Index 559